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. 2021 Apr 24;9(5):467. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9050467

Table 1.

The ligand preference and G-protein-dependent signaling pathways of the free fatty acid receptors (FFARs). AC, adenylate cyclase; Akt (PKB), protein kinase B, DAG, diacylglycerol; IP3, inositol trisphosphate; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PKD, protein kinase D; PLC, phospholipase C, ω3 PUFAs (ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: α-linolenic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosapentenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid), ω6 PUFAs (ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo- γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid).

Type Ligands G-Protein Subunits Primary Effector Secondary Effectors, Effects
FFAR1 MCFAs Gs AC cAMP↑
LCFAs Gi AC cAMP↓
ω3 PUFAs Gq PLC IP3 (Ca2+↑)
ω6 PUFAs DAG, PKC↑
FFAR2 SCFAs Gi PLC PKC↑, ERK1/2↑
AC cAMP↓
Gq PLC IP3 (Ca2+↑)
FFAR3 SCFAs Gi AC cAMP↓
FFAR4 LCFAs Gq PI3K Akt↑
ω3 PUFAs PLC IP3 (Ca2+↑)
ω6 PUFAs DAG, PKC↑, ERK1/2↑