Table 1.
Anthropometric, biological, dietary and lifestyle characteristics in the study sample.
| Total Sample (n = 301) | Normal (n = 103) | Osteopenia (n = 145) | Osteoporosis (n = 53) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR); n (%) | Median (IQR); n (%) | Median (IQR); n (%) | Median (IQR); n (%) | p-Value | |
| Age, years | 59 (7) | 58 (7) | 60 (7) | 60 (6) | 0.071 |
| Menarche age, years | 13 (2) | 12 (3) | 13 (1) | 13 (1) | 0.842 |
| Years since menopause, years | 9 (9) | 9 (10) | 8 (9) | 10 (10) | 0.277 |
| Weight, kg | 66.4 (15.6) | 70.6 (15.2) (a,b) | 65.5 (13.8) (c) | 58.1 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Height, m | 1.58 (0.07) | 1.59 (0.07) | 1.58 (0.07) | 1.57 (0.07) | 0.078 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 (5.6) | 27.7 (5.9) (a,b) | 26.6 (5.3) (c) | 24.7 (4) | <0.001 |
| BMI Classification | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | n = 1 (0.3%) | n = 1 (1%) | n = 0 (0%) | n = 0 (0%) | 0.518 |
| Normal weigth (18.5–24.9) | n = 98 (32.6%) | n = 23 (22.3%)(a,b) | n = 46 (31.7%) (c) | n = 29 (54.7%) | 0.003 |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | n = 135 (44.9%) | n = 47 (45.6%) (a,b) | n = 73 (50.3%) (c) | n = 15 (28.3%) | 0.02 |
| Obesity class I (30.0–34.9) | n = 50 (16.6%) | n = 21 (20.4%) | n = 23 (15.9%) | n = 6 (11.3%) | 0.359 |
| Obesity class II (35.0–39.9) | n = 12 (4%) | n = 8 (7.8%) (a,b) | n = 2 (1.4%) (c) | n = 2 (3.8%) | 0.02 |
| Obesity class III (≥40) | n = 5 (1.7%) | n = 3 (2.9%) | n = 1 (0.7%) | n = 1 (1.9%) | 0.327 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 87 (14) | 91 (17) (a,b) | 87 (13) (c) | 82 (13) | <0.001 |
| Hip, cm | 104 (12) | 107 (13) (a) | 104 (11) (c) | 100 (14) | <0.001 |
| Gravidity | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.256 |
| Parity | 2 (1) | 2 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.44 |
| Smoker | |||||
| No | n = 243 (80.70%) | n = 86 (83.5%) | n = 116 (80%) | n = 41 (77.4%) | 0.597 |
| Yes | n = 58 (19.3%) | n = 17 (16.5%) | n = 29 (20%) | n = 12 (22.6%) | |
| Fish intake (servings/week) | 4 (3) | 3 (4) | 4 (3) | 4 (3) | 0.783 |
| Vitamin D (mcrg/day) | 7.4 (8.23) | 7.4 (8) | 7.6 (7.83) | 7.8 (12.26) | 0.707 |
| Calcium intake, mg/day | 944 (663) | 930 (516) | 959 (652) | 882 (821) | 0.908 |
| Energy, kcal/day | 2099 (869) | 2087 (883) | 2048 (860) | 2204 (874) | 0.892 |
Between-group comparisons were performed using the Kruskal Wallis test or the Fisher exact test as appropriate. (a) Poshoc analysis by Dunn’s test, p < 0.05 vs. osteoporosis group. (b) Poshoc analysis by Dunn’s test, p < 0.05 vs. osteopenia group. (c) Poshoc analysis by Dunn’s test, p < 0.05 vs. osteoporosis group.