Table 1.
Summary of cassava models and the processes that are simulated.
| No. | Model | Reference | Environmental factors |
Time step3 | Management |
Env1 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | P1 | R1 | VPD1 | SWD1 | Nutrients2 | IC1 | Pest | PD1 | Cul1 | |||||
| 1 | Cock | Cock (1978, 1979) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓ | W | ✓ | ✓(3) | 1 |
| 2 | Fukai and Hammer | Fukai and Hammer (1987) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | N | – | – | W | – | – | 1 (14) |
| 3 | Gutierrez | Gutierrez et al. (1988b) | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | ✓ | N | – | ✓ | D | – | – | 1 |
| 4 | SUCROS | Gijzen et al. (1990) | – | – | ✓ | – | – | – | – | – | D | – | ✓(4) | 1 |
| 5 | LINTUL | Ezui et al (2018); Adiele (2020) | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | ✓ | N, P, K | – | – | D | ✓ | – | 1(2) |
| 6 | GUMCAS | Matthews and Hunt (1994) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – | – | D | ✓ | ✓(10) | 2(4) |
| 7 | HyCAS | Matthews and Lawson (1997) | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | N | ✓ | – | D | ✓ | – | 1 |
| 8 | SIMANIHOT | Gabriel et al. (2014); Tironi et al. (2017a, b) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | – | – | D | ✓ | ✓(5) | 2(4) |
| 9 | DSSAT-CROPSIM | Hoogenboom et al. (2019b, 2019a) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | N | – | – | D | ✓ | ✓(16) | 2 |
| 10 | DSSAT-MANIHOT | Hoogenboom et al. (2019b, 2019a); Moreno-Cadena (2018); Moreno-Cadena et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | N | – | – | D | ✓ | ✓(11) | 3 |
| 11 | Gray | Gray (2000, 2003) | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – | – | DH | – | – | 1 |
| 12 | SIMCAS | Santhosh Mithra et al.(2013) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | N, K | – | – | D | – | ✓(3) | 1 |
| 13 | FAO Agroecological zone | Visses et al. (2018) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | – | – | 10 | – | – | 8(7) |
| 14 | DYNCAS | Connor (2019) | ✓ | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – | – | DH | – | ✓(2) | 1 |
| 15 | Boerboom | Boerboom (1978) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | S | – | ✓(24) | 1(7) |
| 16 | Manrique | Manrique (1992) | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | – | – | – | – | S | – | – | 3 |
| 17 | QUEFTS | Byju et al. (2012) | – | – | – | – | – | N, P, K | – | – | S | – | – | 4(4) |
| 18 | Modified QUEFTS | Ezui et al. (2017) | – | – | – | – | – | N, P, K | – | – | S | ✓ | ✓(2) | 3(2) |
| No. | Model | Reference | Processes |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Development |
Growth |
|||||||||||||||
| Indet. crop1 | Lf1 | Lf coh.1 | Lf acce. sen.1, 4 | Br1 | Qual. PM1 | Photo1, 5 | Resp 1 | Partitioning6 | Root 1 | Lf. size 1 | DW 1 | FW1 | Sth 1 | |||
| 1 | Cock | Cock, 1978; 1979) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | S | ✓ | – | – | – | S-O | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 2 | Fukai and Hammer | Fukai and Hammer (1987) | – | ✓ | – | S, T, W | – | ✓ | RUE | – | LAI | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 3 | Gutierrez | Gutierrez et al. (1988b) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | DD | ✓ | Prt-age | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | – |
| 4 | SUCROS | Gijzen et al. (1990) | ✓ | – | – | S | – | – | CP | ✓ | Prt-age | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 5 | LINTUL | Ezui et al (2018); Adiele (2020) | – | – | – | S, W | ✓ | ✓ | RUE | – | Prt-age, F-start | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 6 | GUMCAS | Matthews and Hunt (1994) | – | ✓ | ✓ | S | ✓ | – | RUE | – | S-O, F-start | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 7 | HyCAS | Matthews and Lawson (1997) | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | ✓ | – | RUE | – | S-O, F-start | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 8 | SIMANIHOT | Gabriel et al. (2014); Tironi et al. (2017a), b | – | ✓ | ✓ | S, T | ✓ | – | RUE | – | S-O, F-start | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 9 | DSSAT-CROPSIM | Hoogenboom et al. (2019b, 2019a) | – | ✓ | ✓ | S | ✓ | ✓ | RUE | ✓ | S-O, F-start | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 10 | DSSAT-MANIHOT | Hoogenboom et al. (2019b, 2019a); Moreno-Cadena (2018); Moreno-Cadena et al. (2020) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | S | ✓ | ✓ | RUE | ✓ | S-O | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 11 | Gray | Gray (2003, 2000) | ✓ | ✓ | – | – | ✓ | – | CP | ✓ | S-O, CE | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 12 | SIMCAS | Santhosh Mithra et al.(2013) | – | ✓ | – | S | ✓ | – | CP | – | S-O, F-start | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | – |
| 13 | FAO Agroecological zone | Visses et al. (2018) | – | – | – | – | – | – | RUE | ✓ | Fixed | – | – | ✓ | ✓ | – |
| 14 | DYNCAS | Connor (2019) | – | ✓ | – | – | ✓ | – | CP | ✓ | D-Ptr | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | – |
| 15 | Boerboom | Boerboom (1978) | ✓ | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Fixed | – | – | ✓ | – | ✓ |
| 16 | Manrique | Manrique (1992) | ✓ | – | – | – | – | – | RUE | – | Prt-age based on R and T | – | – | ✓ | – | – |
| 17 | QUEFTS | Byju et al. (2012) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓ | – | – |
| 18 | Modified QUEFTS | Ezui et al. (2017) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ✓ | – | – |
Simulated factors and processes include: T: Temperature, P: Photoperiod, R: Solar radiation, VPD: Vapor Pressure Deficit response, SWD: Soil Water Dynamics, IC: intercropping, PD: Plant density, Cul: Diverse cultivars (number), Env: Number of environments (the number in parenthesis is for model evaluation when the environments are different than for model calibration), Indet. crop: Indeterminate crop, Lf: Leaf development/appearance, Lf coh.: Leaf cohorts, Lf acce. sen.: Accelerated leaf senescence, Br: Branching, Qual. PM: Quality of the planting material, Photo: Photosynthesis, Resp: Respiration, Root: Fibrous root growth, Lf. Size: Leaf size, DW: Dry weight, FW: Fresh weight, Sth: Starch content, ✓: Yes, -: No.
N: Nitrogen, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium.
S: Static, D: Daily, W: Weekly, DH: Daily with some variables estimated hourly, 10: 10 days.
Accelerated leaf senescence due to: S: Shading, T: low temperature, W: water stress.
RUE: Radiation Use Efficiency, DD: Demand-driven, CP: canopy photosynthesis.
S-O: Spill-over, LAI: Leaf Area Index, Prt-age: partitioning modified by plant age, R: solar radiation, T: temperature, F-start: fixed start of root filling, CE: Chanter’s growth equation, d-Ptr: dynamic partitioning.