Table 1.
Characteristics of volunteers included in the analysis (n = 136).
| All | Exclusive Breastfeeding (n = 111) |
Mixed Feeding (n = 25) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age (years) | 34.44 ± 3.79 | 34.39 ± 3.84 | 34.68 ± 3.61 | 0.728 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 40 (39,40) | 40 (39–41) | 39 (39,40) | 0.005 |
| Pre-gestational BMI (Kg/m2) * | 22.84 (21.01–25.39) | 22.62 (20.96–25.42) | 23.01 (21.29–25.60) | 0.386 |
| Normal weight (NW) | 97 (71.3) | 79 (71.2) | 18 (72.0) | 0.985 |
| Over weight (OW) | 38 (27.9) | 31 (27.9) | 7 (28.0) | |
| Weight gain (kg) over pregnancy ǂ | 12 (9.5–15) | 12 (10–15) | 10 (7.8–14) | 0.874 |
| Low weight gain (LWG) | 43 (31.6) | 35 (31.5) | 8 (32.0) | 0.876 |
| Normal weight gain (NWG) | 60 (44.1) | 48 (43.2) | 12 (48.0) | |
| Excessive weight gain (EWG) | 32 (23.5) | 27 (24.3) | 5 (20.0) | |
| Intrapartum antibiotic exposure (%) | 54 (39.7) | 46 (41.4) | 8 (32.0) | 0.383 |
| Antibiotic during pregnancy (%) | 42 (30.9) | 34 (30.6) | 8 (32.0) | 0.915 |
| Antibiotic treatment during 1 month (%) | 11 (8.1) | 8 (7.2) | 3 (12.0) | 0.435 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Gender: Female (%) | 76 (55.9) | 59 (53.2) | 17 (68.0) | 0.177 |
| Birth mode: vaginal birth (%) | 85 (62.5) | 68 (61.3) | 17 (68.0) | 0.530 |
| Height at birth (cm) | 49.86 ± 2.10 | 50.12 ± 2.07 | 48.74 ± 1.89 | 0.003 |
| Weight at birth (g) | 3.32 ± 0.44 | 3.36 ± 0.42 | 3.12 ± 0.49 | 0.013 |
| Antibiotic treatment 1 month (%) | 8 (5.9) | 7 (6.3) | 1 (4.0) | 0.658 |
| Total breastfeeding duration (months) | 8.37 ± 3.92 | 9.41 ± 3.24 | 3.76± 3.32 | <0.001 |
Categorical data results are shown as the number of cases (percentage %). Normally distributed data are shown as mean ± SD and non-normal data as median (interquartile range = IQR). Normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), according to their pre-gestational BMI [21]. Normal weight gain (NWG), excessive weight gain (EWG) according to the categories from the Institute of Medicine [22]. * One mother without BMI information (n = 1) was not included. ǂ Low weight gain (LWG) data were not used in the analysis.