Table 2.
Number of reverse mutants of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 after treatment with ZnO NP or ZnCl2, with and without S9 activation. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation; n = 3. Significant differences compared to the untreated control (* p ≤ 0.05) were obtained by one-way analysis of variance/the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh post hoc test.
| Compound | Dose [µg/Plate] | Number of Reverse Mutants/Plate [Mean ± SD] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TA100 | TA98 | ||||
| without S9 | with S9 | without S9 | with S9 | ||
| ZnO NP<50 nm | 0 | 148 ± 12 | 137 ± 37 | 30 ± 8 | 22 ± 3 |
| 0.1 | 139 ± 11 | 121 ± 2 | 32 ± 2 | 22 ± 4 | |
| 0.25 | 128 ± 21 | 125 ± 11 | 30 ± 5 | 22 ± 1 | |
| 0.5 | 139 ± 34 | 130 ± 14 | 29 ± 4 | 26 ± 2 | |
| 1 | 131 ± 22 | 126 ± 9 | 30 ± 6 | 22 ± 2 | |
| 2.5 | 143 ± 25 | 146 ± 27 | 31 ± 6 | 25 ± 3 | |
| 5 | 148 ± 8 | 148 ± 26 | 27 ± 1 | 26 ± 7 | |
| 10 | 148 ± 18 | 145 ± 21 | 33 ± 9 | 29 ± 5 | |
| ZnO NP<100 nm | 0 | 155 ± 34 | 170 ± 16 | 27 ± 1 | 27 ± 9 |
| 0.1 | 155 ± 27 | 177 ± 12 | 28 ± 5 | 27 ± 7 | |
| 0.25 | 144 ± 43 | 159 ± 18 | 26 ± 2 | 28 ± 12 | |
| 0.5 | 143 ± 24 | 158 ± 22 | 29 ± 5 | 36 ± 21 | |
| 1 | 141 ± 36 | 172 ± 11 | 29 ± 2 | 38 ± 28 | |
| 2.5 | 144 ± 31 | 169 ± 12 | 28 ± 5 | 36 ± 26 | |
| 5 | 143 ± 13 | 156 ± 10 | 27 ± 1 | 40 ± 15 | |
| 10 | 143 ± 13 | 166 ± 24 | 25 ± 1 | 46 ± 23 | |
| ZnCl2 | 17 | 123 ± 2 | 131 ± 18 | 18 ± 9 | 21 ± 2 |
| PC | 1136 ± 14 * | 3729 ± 95 * | 1820 ± 547 * | 688 ± 164 * | |
PC: positive controls (bis(2-chloroethyl)-ammonium chloride for TA100 without S9; 2-aminoanthracene for TA100 with S9; 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol for TA98 without S9; daunomycin for TA98 with S9).