Table 1.

Regulation of GSH in retinal diseases.

Pathology	GSH Levels		Model (s) Studied	Ref
Wolfram syndrome 1 (WS)		Total GSH	Wfs1−/− mice	[44]
Wolfram syndrome		GSSG/GSH and NAD(+)/NADH ratios	Miner1(−/−) mice	[45]
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)		Plasma Total GSH	Human AMD patients	[46]
Exudative AMD		Plasma Total GSH	Human ex-AMD patients	[47]
Exudative AMD		Plasma Total GSH	Human ex-AMD patients	[48]
AMD		Mitochondrial GSH	hRPE cells and RPE from alpha Cry KO mice	[49]
AMD		Cellular GSH	ARPE-19 cells treated with BSO or erastin	[50]
AMD		Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in plasma	Human early AMD patients	[24]
Dry AMD		Total GSH	RPE cells from AMD donors subjected to H2O2	[51]
AMD	N-acetylcysteine (precursor for GSH) improved maximal respiration and ATP production		RPE cells from AMD donors	[52]
AMD		Cellular GSH, ATP production, and basal respiration	RPE from AMD donors and non-AMD with and without H2O2 treatment	[21]
AMD		GSH:GSSG ratio	ARPE19 cells subjected to H2O2 exposure	[53]
AMD		Ocular GSH	ARPE 19 incubated with and rats fed N-acetyl-L-cysteine ethyl ester or N-acetyl-L-cysteine	[54]
AMD		GSH	LAMP2-silenced ARPE-19 cells.	[55]
AMD		GSH	ARPE19 cells stressed with tert-Butyl hydroperoxide	[56]
AMD		GSH	ARPE-19/primary human RPE cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract or hydroquinone	[57]
AMD		GSH	ARPE-19 cells treated with H2O2	[58]
AMD		Cellular GSH	ARPE-19 cells treated with hydroquinone	[59]
AMD		Cellular and mitoGSH	ARPE-19 treated with NAC prodrugs	[59]
AMD		GSH	ARPE-19 cells treated with H2O2	[60]
Diabetic retinopathy		MitoGSH	Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice	[61]
Diabetic retinopathy		Retinal GSH	STZ-injected Nrf2−/− mice	[62]
Diabetic retinopathy		GSH	STZ rats	[63]
Glaucoma		Plasma GSH levels	Human glaucoma patients	[64]
Glaucoma		GSSG levels	Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells	[65]
Glaucoma		Plasma GSH	Human blood	[22]
Retinitis pigmentosa		Increased GSH	rd1(+/+) and rd10(+/+) mice treated with NAC	[66]
Retinitis pigmentosa		GSSG level	rd10 mouse model	[67]