Table 4.
Exercise training changes ECMs at protein and mRNA level and are associated with muscle remodelling outcome.
| First Author, Year of Publication | Outcome Measure | Δ ECM Outcome Post Training within Group | Association between ECM and Muscle Remodelling Outcome within the Study |
|---|---|---|---|
| Damas et al., 2018 [24] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL3A1 | ↑ 146% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL4A1 | ↑ 112% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL5A2 | ↑ 95% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| CTHRC1 | ↑ 105% (p < 0.05) | ||
| LAMB1 | ↑ 79% (p < 0.05) | ||
| THBS4 | ↑ 144% (p < 0.05) | ||
| PXDN | ↑ 81% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Deshmukh et al., 2021 [25] | Protein expression | N/A | |
| Glycoproteins | |||
| Agrin | Slow fibres: ↑ 147% (NS) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 460% (p < 0.001) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 130% (NS) | |||
| Thrombospondin 4 | Slow fibres: ↑ 240% (NS) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 360% (p = 0.015) | |||
| Whole muscle: N/A | |||
| Peroxidasin | Slow fibres: ↑ 320% (p = 0.0017) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 300% (NS) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 360% (p = 0.0018) | |||
| Dermatopontin | Slow fibres: ↓ 70% (NS) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↓ 85% (NS) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↓ 16% (p = 0.0046) | |||
| Fibrillin-1 | Slow fibres: ↓ 100% (NS) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↓ 82% (NS) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 280% (p = 0.0063) | |||
| Irisin precursor, fibronectin type III | Slow fibres: ↑ 108% (NS) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↓ 90% (NS) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↓ 70% (p = 0.025) | |||
| IGFN1 (Immunoglobulin-like and fibronectin type III domain containing | Slow fibres: ↑ 790% (p = 0.0028) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 560% (p = 0.011) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 225% (NS) | |||
| Laminin subunit alpha-1 | Slow fibres: N/A | ||
| Fast fibres: N/A | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 370% (p = 0.0415) | |||
| Laminin subunit alpha 4 | Slow fibres: ↑ 160% (p = 0.0119) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 143% (NS) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↓ 93% (NS) | |||
| Laminin subunit alpha 5 | Slow fibres: ↑ 119% (NS) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 99% (NS) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 60% (p = 0.0431) | |||
| Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 | Slow fibres: ↓ 90% (NS) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↓ 39% (p = 0.043) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 137% (NS) | |||
| Microfibrillar-associated protein 5 | Slow fibres: ↑ 440% (p = 0.0197) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 62% (NS) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 162% (NS) | |||
| Picachurin (EGFLAM) | Slow fibres: ↑ 300% (p = 0.0197) | ||
| Fast fibres: ↑ 510% (p < 0.001) | |||
| Whole muscle: ↑ 330% (p = 0.0008) | |||
| Fragala et al., 2014 [43] | Circulating markers (serum) | P3NP vs. LBM (r = 0.422, p = 0.045) | |
| C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF) | Exercise: ↑ 10.4% (NS) | ||
| Control: ↑ 0.3% (NS) | CAF vs. VL CSA (r = 0.542, p = 0.008) | ||
| N-terminal peptide of procollagen type III (P3NP) | Exercise: ↑ 7.9% (NS) | P3NP vs. muscle strength/quality (NS) | |
| Control: ↑ 1.9% (NS) | |||
| CAF vs. muscle strength/quality (NS) | |||
| Hjorth et al., 2015 [26] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL1A1 | ↑ 140% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL1A2 | ↑ 80% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL3A1 | ↑ 140% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL4A1 | ↑ 140% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL4A2 | ↑ 120% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL5A1 | ↑ 50% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL5A2 | ↑ 60% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL6A6 | ↑ 100% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL14A1 | ↑ 80% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL15A1 | ↑ 50% (p < 0.001) | ||
| COL18A1 | ↑ 50% (p < 0.001) | ||
| Proteoglycans | |||
| ASPN | ↑ 80% (p < 0.001) | ||
| BGN | ↑ 110% (p < 0.001) | ||
| HSPG2 | ↑ 50% (p < 0.001) | ||
| OGN | ↑ 110% (p < 0.001) | ||
| OMD | ↑ 80% (p < 0.001) | ||
| ECM2 | ↑ 60% (p < 0.001) | ||
| LUM | ↑ 50% (p < 0.001) | ||
| GPC4 | ↓ N/A (p < 0.001) | ||
| CHAD | ↓ 52% (p < 0.001) | ||
| CSPG4 | ↑ 50% (p < 0.001) | ||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| AGRN | ↑ 60% (p < 0.001) | ||
| LAMA4 | ↑ 70% (p < 0.001) | ||
| LAMB1 | ↑ 70 % (p < 0.001 | ||
| LAMB3 | ↓ 56% (p < 0.001) | ||
| LAMC3 | ↑ 70% (p < 0.001) | ||
| THBS1 | ↑ 60% (p < 0.001) | ||
| THBS4 | ↑ 220% (p < 0.001) | ||
| NID1 | ↑ 60% (p < 0.001) | ||
| NID2 | ↑ 70% (p < 0.001) | ||
| PXDN | ↑ 200% (p < 0.001) | ||
| ELN | ↑ 50% (p < 0.001) | ||
| EMILIN3 | ↑ 60% (p < 0.001) | ||
| SPARC | ↑ 80% (p < 0.001) | ||
| CTHRC1 | ↑ 70% (p < 0.001) | ||
| Kanzleiter et al., 2014 [27] | mRNA expression | ||
| Proteoglycans | Δ Decorin expression vs. ΔLeg | ||
| DCN | Healthy: ↑ (p < 0.05) | press strength (kg) (r = 0.56, p = 0.047) | |
| Pre-diabetes: ↓ (NS) | |||
| Karlsen et al., 2020 [28] | mRNA expression | ||
| Collagens | |||
| COL1A1 | Young: (NS) | ||
| Older: ↑ (values not reported) (p < 0.05) | |||
| Kern et al., 2014 [29] | mRNA expression | ||
| Collagens | |||
| COL1 | ↑ (p < 0.005) | ||
| COL3 | ↑ (p < 0.005) | ||
| COL6 | ↑ (p < 0.005) | ||
| Kim et al., 2015 [44] | Circulating markers (serum) | ||
| Irisin | Exercise: ↑ 22.5% (p < 0.05) | Irisin vs. grip strength | |
| Control: NS | (r = 0.526, p = 0.002) | ||
| Irisin vs. leg strength | |||
| (r = 0.414, p = 0.003) | |||
| Makhnovskii et al., 2020 [30] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL1A1 | ↑ 1060% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL1A2 | ↑ 440% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL3A1 | ↑ 656% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL4A2 | ↑ 439% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL6A1 | ↑ 196% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL6A2 | ↑ 232% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL6A3 | ↑ 273% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL14A1 | ↑ 608% (p < 0.05) | ||
| COL15A1 | ↑ 271% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Proteoglycans | |||
| ASPN | ↑ 359% (p < 0.05) | ||
| BGN | ↑ 435% (p < 0.05) | ||
| HSPG2 | ↑ 204% (p < 0.05) | ||
| OGN | ↑ 421% (p < 0.05) | ||
| LUM | ↑ 447% (p < 0.05) | ||
| DCN | ↑ (NS) | ||
| PRELP | ↑ (NS) | ||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| LAMB1 | ↑ 326% (p < 0.05) | ||
| LAMC1 | ↑ 175% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Protein expression | |||
| Collagens | |||
| Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain | ↑ 171% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Collagen Type I Alpha 2 Chain | ↑ 173% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Collagen Type III Alpha 1 Chain | ↑ 221% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Collagen Type XIV Alpha 1 Chain | ↑ 164% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Collagen Type VI Alpha 1 Chain | ↑124% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Collagen Type VI Alpha 2 Chain | ↑121% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Collagen Type VI Alpha 3 Chain | ↑124% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Proteoglycans | |||
| Asporin | ↑ 152% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Lumican | ↑ 123% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Prolargin (or Proline and arginine rich end leucine rich repeat protein) | ↑ 118% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Nishida et al., 2010 [31] | mRNA expression (using SAGE) | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL1A2 | ↑ 1200% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Proteoglycan | |||
| DCN | ↓ 2100% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Norheim et al., 2011 [32] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL1A1 | M. VL: ↑ 520 (p < 0.05) | ||
| M. TRAP: ↑ 4340% (p < 0.05) | |||
| Proteoglycans | |||
| LUM | M. VL: ↑ 250 (p < 0.05) | ||
| M. TRAP: ↑ 430 (p < 0.05) | |||
| ECM1 | M. VL: ↑ 180 (p < 0.05) | ||
| M. TRAP: ↑ 190 (p < 0.05) | |||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| SPARC | M. VL: ↑ 290 (p < 0.05) | ||
| M. TRAP: ↑ 960 (p < 0.05) | |||
| FN1 | M. VL: ↑ 180 (p < 0.05) | ||
| M. TRAP: ↑ 250 (p < 0.05) | |||
| Norheim et al., 2014 [33] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| FNDC5 (Irisin) | Healthy: ↑ 40% (p < 0.05) | ||
| Pre-diabetes: ↑ 100% (p < 0.01) | |||
| Circulating markers (serum) | Healthy: ↓ (NS) | ||
| Irisin | Pre-diabetes: ↓ (NS) | ||
| Radom-Aizak et al., 2005 [35] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL3A1 | ↑ 111% (p = 0.0178) | ||
| Raue et al., 2012 [36] | mRNA expression | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α2 vs. 1-RM (r = −0.418) | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL1A1 | Young: N/A | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α3 vs. 1-RM (r = −0.344-(−0.486)) | |
| Older: ↑ 220–300% | |||
| COL1A2 | Young: N/A | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α4 vs. 1-RM (r = -0.540-(0.623)) | |
| Older: ↑ 150–200% | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α5 vs. 1-RM (r = −0.547) | ||
| COL3A1 | Young: N/A | Pooled mRNA expression of COLQ vs. 1-RM (r = 0.652) | |
| Older: ↑ 260–210% | Pooled mRNA expression of COL27α1 vs. 1-RM (r = −0.355-(−0.457)) | ||
| COL4A1 | Young: ↑ 190–200% | Pooled mRNA expression of COL28α1 vs. 1-RM (r = −0.180) | |
| Older: N/A | Pooled mRNA expression of CSPG4 vs. 1-RM (r = 0.421) | ||
| COL4A2 | Young: ↑ 170% | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α2 vs. CSA (r = −0.405) | |
| Older: ↑ 220% | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α3 vs. CSA (r = −0.345-(−0.462)) | ||
| COL5A1 | Young: N/A | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α4 vs. CSA (r = −0.461-(0.486)) | |
| Older: ↑ 290% | Pooled mRNA expression of COL4α5 vs. CSA (r = −0.406) | ||
| COL5A2 | Young: N/A | Pooled mRNA expression of COLQ vs. CSA (r= 0.540) | |
| Older: ↑ 180% | Pooled mRNA expression of COL27α1 vs. CSA (r = −0.348) | ||
| COL5A3 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 170–180% | |||
| COL15A1 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 150% | |||
| Proteoglycans | |||
| ASPN | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 200% | |||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| LAMA4 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 174% | |||
| LAMB1 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 165% | |||
| NID1 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 160–200% | |||
| NID2 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 194% | |||
| SPARC | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 150–160% | |||
| THBS4 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 168% | |||
| CTHRC1 | Young: N/A | ||
| Older: ↑ 200% | |||
| Riedl et al., 2010 [37] | Number of tags per 100,000 SAGE tags | ||
| Collagens | |||
| COL3A1 | ↑ 14 | ||
| COL4A1 | ↑ 15 | ||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| SPARC | ↑ 20 | ||
| Robinson et al., 2017 [38] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL4A1 | HIIT young: ↑ 217% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 361% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: ↑ 267% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: ↑ 236% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT young: ↑ 185% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT older: ↑ 197% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| COL4A2 | HIIT young: ↑ 188% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 303% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: ↑ 219% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: ↑ 202% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT young: ↑ 172% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT older: ↑ 182% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| COL14A1 | HIIT young: (NS) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 165% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: (NS) | |||
| RET older: (NS) | |||
| CT young: (NS) | |||
| CT older: (NS) | |||
| Proteoglycans | HIIT young: ↑ 174% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| ASPN | HIIT older: ↑ 232% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| RET young: ↑ 187% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: ↑ 243% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT young: ↑ 158% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT older: ↑ 177% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| LUM | HIIT young: (NS) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 156% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: (NS) | |||
| RET older: (NS) | |||
| CT young: (NS) | |||
| CT older: (NS) | |||
| ECM2 | HIIT young: ↑ 175% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 180% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: ↑161% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: ↑173% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT young: (NS) | |||
| CT older: (NS) | |||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| LAMB1 | HIIT young: ↑ 171% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 170% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: ↑ 154% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: (NS) | |||
| CT young: (NS) | |||
| CT older: ↑ 160% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| NID1 | HIIT young: ↑ 160% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 205% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: ↑152% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: ↑157% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT young: ↑155% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT older: ↑156% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| PXDN | HIIT young: ↑ 196% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑266% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: ↑234% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: ↑209% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT young: ↑162% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT older: ↑166% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| SPARC | HIIT young: ↑ 188% (p ≤ 0.05) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑224% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: ↑170% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET older: ↑179% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| CT young: (NS) | |||
| CT older: ↑165% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| ELN | HIIT young: (NS) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑181% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: (NS) | |||
| RET older: (NS) | |||
| CT young: (NS) | |||
| CT older: (NS) | |||
| POSTN | HIIT young: (NS) | ||
| HIIT older: ↑ 167% (p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| RET young: (NS) | |||
| RET older: (NS) | |||
| CT young: (NS) | |||
| CT older: (NS) | |||
| Timmons et al., 2010 [39] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Collagens | |||
| COL1A1 | ↑ 370–510% | ||
| COL1A2 | ↑ 90–550% | ||
| COL3A1 | ↑ 80–540% | ||
| COL4A1 | ↑ 350–430% | ||
| COL4A2 | ↑ 280–350% | ||
| COL5A1 | ↑ 240–270% | ||
| COL5A2 | ↑ 250–290% | ||
| COL5A3 | ↑ 50% | ||
| COL6A1 | ↑ 70% | ||
| COL6A2 | ↑ 210% | ||
| COL6A3 | ↑ 230% | ||
| COL8A1 | ↑ 260% | ||
| COL12A1 | ↑ 50% | ||
| COL14A1 | ↑ 250% | ||
| COL15A1 | ↑ 80% | ||
| COL18A1 | ↑ 60% | ||
| PLOD2 | ↑ 60% | ||
| Proteoglycans | |||
| ASPN | ↑ 220–290% | ||
| BGN | ↑ 250–560% | ||
| CSPG2 | ↑ 170–590% | ||
| HSPG2 | ↑ 90% | ||
| LUM | ↑ 270% | ||
| OGN | ↑ 420–500% | ||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| AGRN | ↑ 60–80% | ||
| LAMA4 | ↑ 240% | ||
| LAMB1 | ↑ 250–270% | ||
| LAMC1 | ↑ 50% | ||
| SPARC | ↑ 50–250% | ||
| NID1 | ↑ 80% | ||
| NID2 | ↑ 290% | ||
| FBN1 | ↑ 50–730% | ||
| FN1 | ↑ 60–90% | ||
| TNC | ↑ 430–530% | ||
| THBS4 | ↑ 280% | ||
| POSTN | ↑ 390% | ||
| PXDN | ↑ 220–250% | ||
| FNDC1 | ↑ 300% | ||
| CTHRC1 | ↑ 340% | ||
| Valdivierso et al., 2017 [40] | Protein expression | ||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| Tenascin C | A/A alleles: ↑ 138% (p < 0.05) | Capillary/fibre ↑ | |
| A/T alleles: ↑ 77% (p < 0.05) | Capillary/fibre ↑ | ||
| T/T alleles: (NS) | Capillary/fibre ↓ 15% | ||
| Walton et al., 2019 [41] | mRNA expression | M2 macrophages/fibre vs. COL5A1 expression (r = 0.56, p = 0.021) | |
| Collagens | M2 macrophages/fibre vs. COL6A1 expression (r = 0.54, p = 0.026) | ||
| COL5A1 | ↑ 53.6% (p = 0.013) | M2 macrophages/fibre vs. SPARC expression (r = 0.63, p = 0.007) | |
| COL6A1 | ↑ 29.5% (p = 0.009) | M2 macrophages/fibre vs. MMP14 expression (r = 0.69, p = 0.002) | |
| Glycoproteins | M2 macrophages/fibre vs. TGFβ1 expression (r = 0.50, p = 0.04) | ||
| SPARC | ↑ 56.6% (p < 0.001) | ||
| Alghadir et al., 2016 [42] | Circulating markers (serum) | Level of cFN vs. Physical activity (PA): | |
| Cellular Fibronectin (or cFN) | Exercise: ↓ 53% (p < 0.001) | ↑ in cFN after in low PA (r = 0.18, p < 0.001) | |
| Control: ↓ 2.1% (NS) | ↑ in cFN after moderate PA (r = 0.12, p < 0.001) | ||
| ↑ in cFN after ↑ in high PA vs. (r = 0.14, p < 0.001) | |||
| Olstad et al., 2020 [34] | mRNA expression | N/A | |
| Proteoglycans | |||
| DCN | Healthy: N/A | ||
| Osteoporotic: ↑ 129.4% | |||
| Glycoproteins | |||
| SPARC | Healthy: N/A | ||
| Osteoporotic: ↑ 141.6% | |||
| MGP | Healthy: N/A | ||
| Osteoporotic: ↑ 128.2% |
The last two entries are from clinical populations. Data are presented as mean ± SD (or SEM *); lean body mass (LBM); cross sectional area (CSA); increase (↑); decrease (↓); not significant (NS); not available (N/A); change (Δ); serial analysis of gene expression tags (SAGE tags); resistance exercise training (RET); combined training (CT); high intensity interval training (HIIT); vastus lateralis muscle (MVL); trapezius muscle (MTRAP).