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. 2021 Apr 30;13(5):1516. doi: 10.3390/nu13051516

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory activity of fermented berries. ↑: increase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; IgA: immunoglobulin A; SOD: su-peroxide dismutase; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TLR4: Toll-like receptor-4; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; NO: nitric oxide; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; Th17: T helper 17; Tregs: regulatory T cells; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; NF-κB: nu-clear factor-kappa B; MLCK: myosin light-chain kinase; ERK: signal-regulated kinase.