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. 2021 Apr 30;10(5):1067. doi: 10.3390/cells10051067

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Metformin modulates the mRNA expression of UPR genes in an AMPK-independent manner in endometrial cancer cells. Ishikawa, HEC1B, or AN3CA cells were treated or not for 24 h with 5 mM metformin in the presence or absence of 1 h pretreatment with 10 µM CC. Total RNA was extracted and real-time RT-PCR experiments were performed using oligonucleotides specific for GRP78, ATF6, ATF4, CHOP, and GAPDH as described in the Section 2.4. Values shown represent the mean (± s.d.) of triplicate samples of three independent experiments. * p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01.