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. 2021 May 1;10(5):388. doi: 10.3390/biology10050388

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Summarised mode of action and main mechanisms involved in resistance. (1) Shows nitroimidazole reductase activity encoded by the nim genes, (2) metabolic shift away to the pathway related to conversion of pyruvate to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase (3) increased efflux of the antibiotic (4) increased DNA repair capacity (5) activation of antioxidant defense systems (6) deficiency of the ferrous iron transporter FeoAB, (7) overexpression of the rhamnose catabolism regulatory protein RhaR [50].