Fig. 5.

Comparison of European and African(ized) honeybees. a Comparison of the aggressive score as a function of the alarm pheromone concentration for Africanized (AHB, black triangles) and European (EHB, blue circles) honeybees. Experimental data modified from [4] (see the “Comparison between Africanized and European bees” section). Stars indicate significant differences in responsiveness according to the original paper (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01). b Comparison of the learned probabilities of stinging between European and African populations, from modelling. Shaded areas indicate the range of predators that European (blue, s_th∈(15,25)) and African (grey, s_th∈(15,70)) colonies faced during the learning process. Average ± one standard deviation from 50 independently trained populations, at the end of a learning process with 10⁵ trials. For clarity, percepts for which the probability of stinging remains at the initialisation values (p_s=0.5) are not shown. Visual percept v_ESC: p_s=0.09±0.01 for EHB and p_s=0.05±0.01 for AHB. Parameters: $N=200,\gamma =0.003,k=1,t_{\mathit{\text{att}}}=0,\Delta t_v=10,r_f^E=0.6,r_f^A=0.3$. c Performance of each colony when faced with predators of sizes s_th=20,55, from modelling. European colonies go extinct when they encounter a predator that is more resistant than the ones they faced during the learning process, whereas African colonies are able to survive