Table 2.
Individual characteristics associated with prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline
| Determinants of hypertension | Prevalence | Awareness | Treatment | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)a | |
| Age group | ||||
| <25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25–34 | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.44 (0.74–2.83) | 0.83 (0.16–4.41) | 1.45 (0.21–10.06) |
| 35–44 | 1.45 (1.29–1.62) | 4.96 (2.63–9.48) | 1.07 (0.22–5.16) | 0.41 )0.07–2.45) |
| 45–54 | 2.64 (2.36–2.96) | 14.3 (15.2–53.9) | 1.4 (0.29–6.50) | 0.31 (0.05–1.83) |
| 55–64 | 4.47 (3.98–5.03) | 28.45 (15.2–53.9) | 1.74 (0.37–8.23) | 0.24 )0.04–1.41) |
| =65 | 7.29 (5.02–10.58) | 51.2 (24.8–105.9) | 1.22 (0.23–6.14) | 0.11 (0.01–1.05) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.59 (0.56–0.62) | 2.22 (2.01–2.46) | 1.16 (0.96–1.42) | 1.22 (0.86–1.74) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Married | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 2.02 (1.49–2.76) | 1.14 (0.59–2.21) | 0.73 (0.27–1.95) |
| Divorced | 0.94 (0.74–1.2) | 1.85 (1.09–3.15) | 0.34 (0.09–1.32) | 1.28 (0.14–12.12) |
| Widowed | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 2.24 (1.59–3.19) | 1.33 (0.66–2.69) | 0.58 (0.20–1.70) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Q1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Q2 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 1.22 (0.80–1.85) |
| Q3 | 0.88 (0.83–0.95) | 1.07 (0.95–1.23) | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | 1.16 (0.76–1.75) |
| Q4 | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | 1.11 (0.98–1.27) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 1.37 (0.89–2.11) |
| Education (year study) | ||||
| Illiterate (<1) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Elementary school (1–5) | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) |
| Guidance school (6–8) | 0.74 (0.68–0.81) | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 1.59 (0.99–2.58) |
| High school (9–12) | 0.73 (0.68–0.79) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 1.36 (1.06–1.74) | 1.34 (0.87–2.07) |
| Universities (>12) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 1.55 (1.06–2.25) | 1.44 (0.77–2.70) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Fars | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Arab | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 0.24 (0.19–0.30) | 0.29 (0.19–0.46) |
| Bakhtiary | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | 0.71)0.48–1.04) |
| Lor | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | 1.53 (1.15–2.04) | 0.67 (0.44–1.02) |
| Others | 0.74 (0.56–0.99) | 0.94 (0.53–1.69) | 0.09 (0.01–0.66) | Not enough |
| BMI | ||||
| Normal (18.6–25) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight (≤18.5) | 0.65 (0.55–0.78) | 0.59 (0.31–1.14) | 1.35 (0.39–4.73) | 1.64 (0.34–7.90) |
| Overweight (25.1–30) | 1.46 (1.37–1.55) | 1.57 (1.37–1.80) | 0.86 (0.66–1.11) | 0.68 )0.45–1.04) |
| Obese (>30) | 2.15 (2.01–2.29) | 2.09 (1.82–2.39) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 0.49 (0.33–0.75) |
| Waist-hip ratio (WHR) | ||||
| WHR<0.85 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 0.85≤ WHR <0.9 | 1.23 (1.14–1.33) | 1.24 (1.04–1.48) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 1.23 )0.70–2.17) |
| 0.90≤ WHR <0.95 | 1.43 (1.33–1.54) | 1.44 (1.21–1.70) | 0.91 (0.66–1.24) | 0.83 (0.49–1.39) |
| WHR ≥0.95 | 1.58 (1.46–1.70) | 1.75 (1.49–2.06) | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | 0.86 (0.53–1.42) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Insufficient (MET<600/week) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Sufficient (MET ≥ 600/week) | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | 0.83 (0.74–0.92) | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) |
| Smoking | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Current | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.58 (0.37–0.89) | 2.51 (1.23–5.10) |
| Former | 0.96 (0.84–1.11) | 1.21 (0.98–1.51) | 0.66 (0.43–01.00) | 1.67 )0.78–3.54) |
| Water pipe (hookah) | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Current | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 0.92 (0.66–1.26) | 1.52 (0.85–2.70) | 0.54 (0.17–1.68) |
| Former | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) | 1.25 (0.85–1.86) | 1.19 (0.60–2.36) | 1.12 (0.38–3.31) |
| Family history BP | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) | 2.37 (2.16–2.61) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 1.07 (0.79–1.45) |
| History of DLP | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.10 (1.04–1.15) | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 1.41 (1.19–1.68) | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) |
| History of DM | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.50 (1.40–1.61) | 2.04 (1.85–2.25) | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.81 (0.59–1.10) |
| History of CVD | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.45 (1.30–1.63) | 4.23 (3.66–4.88) | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) | 1.57 (1.13–2.20) |
The economic status was defined based on the wealth index, which was calculated by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) with household’s ownership of selected assets. Physical activity was estimated by metabolic equivalent of task (MET) category, which was calculated based on the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) guideline. Dyslipidemia was defined as either serum total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol <35 mg/dL, or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering medication. Diabetes Mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose levels (FBS) > 126 mg/dL, previously diagnosed DM, or current intake of antidiabetic agents. Cardiovascular diseases was defined if the participant reported any history of myocardial infarction, angiography, or any other related heart diseases. Bold values indicate statistical significance
JNC8 eighth report of the Joint National Committee, ACC/AHA 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent of task, DLP dyslipidemia, DM diabetes mellitus, CVD cardiovascular diseases, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, Q quartile
aOdds ratios were adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and physical activity