Table 4.
Medians (IQR) of urine iodine concentration (UIC) and daily iodine intake (DII) by the Italian area and by gender.
| Whole Population | Northern Italy | Central Italy | Southern Italy | p * |
| n = 1150 | n = 515 | n = 713 | ||
| UIC, µg/L | 45 ** (24–84) | 54 ** (26–91) | 43 ** (20–89) | 0.021 |
| DII, µg/d | 97 *** (55–158) | 109 *** (55–179) | 87 *** (44–165) | 0.002 |
| Male Participants | Northern Italy | Central Italy | Southern Italy | p * |
| n = 585 | n = 281 | n = 363 | ||
| UIC, µg/L | 51 ** (28–97) | 63 ** (31–114) | 47 ** (24–101) | 0.011 |
| DII, µg/d | 112 *** (62–185) | 131 *** (63–205) | 95 *** (52–181) | 0.005 |
| Female Participants | Northern Italy | Central Italy | Southern Italy | p * |
| n = 565 | n = 234 | n = 350 | ||
| UIC, µg/L | 42 ** (22–71) | 39 ** (21–70) | 40 ** (18–74) | 0.712 |
| DII, µg/d | 85 *** (48–141) | 89 *** (47–139) | 78 *** (38–137) | 0.209 |
* Non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis independent test for three groups. ** Median value below the WHO standard for adequate iodine status (100–200 µg/L). *** Median value below the EFSA and WHO/FAO daily adequate iodine intake (150 µg/day).