Table 3.
Multilevel regression analysis of the association between under-five mortality in West Africa and sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics.
| Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 cOR (95% CI) |
Model 2 aOR (95% CI) |
Model 3 aOR (95% CI) |
Model 4 aOR (95% CI) |
Model 5 aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth interval | ||||||
| ≤2 years | Ref | Ref | ||||
| >2 years | 0.56∗∗∗ (0.51-0.62) | 0.55∗∗∗ (0.50-0.61) | ||||
| Mother's age | ||||||
| <20 years | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 20-29 years | 0.73∗∗∗ (0.61-0.88) | 0.74∗∗ (0.60-0.90) | ||||
| 30-49 years | 0.96 (0.78-1.18) | 0.88 (0.69-1.13) | ||||
| Mother's age at first birth | ||||||
| <20 years | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 20-29 years | 0.86∗∗∗ (0.78-0.94) | 0.93 (0.84-1.02) | ||||
| 30-49 years | 0.74 (0.54-1.01) | 0.78 (0.57-1.09) | ||||
| Partner's age | ||||||
| <30 years | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 30-39 years | 0.88 (0.77-1.01) | 0.88 (0.76-1.02) | ||||
| 40-49 years | 1.01 (0.86-1.18) | 0.99 (0.84-1.17) | ||||
| 50+ years | 1.25∗ (1.05-1.48) | 1.23∗ (1.03-1.47) | ||||
| Religion | ||||||
| Christian | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Islam | 1.05 (0.95-1.17) | 1.09 (0.97-1.22) | ||||
| Others | 0.92 (0.80-1.06) | 1.04 (0.86-1.25) | ||||
| Educational level | ||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Primary | 0.97 (0.87-1.09) | 1.02 (0.90-1.15) | ||||
| Secondary | 0.85∗ (0.75-0.96) | 0.88 (0.77-1.02) | ||||
| Higher | 0.76 (0.57-1.00) | 0.81 (0.60-1.10) | ||||
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Employed | 1.39∗∗∗ (1.23-1.57) | 1.16∗ (1.02-1.33) | ||||
| Partner's employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Employed | 1.20 (0.86-1.66) | 1.28 (0.92-1.77) | ||||
| Sexual autonomy | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.05 (0.95-1.16) | 0.99 (0.89-1.11) | ||||
| Exposure to mass media | ||||||
| Not exposed | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Exposed | 0.95 (0.88-1.04) | 1.12∗ (1.02-1.23) | ||||
| Current pregnancy intended | ||||||
| Then | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Later | 0.81∗ (0.68-0.98) | 0.75∗∗ (0.62-0.90) | ||||
| No more | 0.75∗∗∗ (0.66-0.84) | 0.70∗∗∗ (0.62-0.79) | ||||
| Mother experience IPV | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 1.10 (0.99-1.22) | 1.08 (0.97-1.21) | ||||
| Contraceptive use | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 0.69∗∗∗ (0.61-0.78) | 0.70∗∗∗ (0.62-0.79) | ||||
| Sex of child | ||||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Female | 0.82∗∗∗ (0.76-0.89) | 0.83∗∗∗ (0.76-0.90) | ||||
| Size of child at birth | ||||||
| Very large | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Larger than average | 0.92 (0.79-1.06) | 0.89 (0.77-1.04) | ||||
| Average | 1.03 (0.90-1.17) | 0.96 (0.84-1.10) | ||||
| Smaller than average | 1.29∗∗ (1.09-1.52) | 1.24∗ (1.05-1.47) | ||||
| Very small | 2.01∗∗∗ (1.65-2.44) | 2.07∗∗∗ (1.70-2.53) | ||||
| Birth order | ||||||
| First | Ref | |||||
| 2-3 | 0.79∗∗∗ (0.69-0.90) | 0.72∗∗∗ (0.62-0.84) | ||||
| 4 or more | 1.22∗∗∗ (1.09-1.38) | 1.02 (0.86-1.23) | ||||
| Type of birth | ||||||
| Virginal birth | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Caesarean birth | 1.81∗∗∗ (1.50-2.18) | |||||
| ANC attendance | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Yes | 0.90∗ (0.83-0.98) | 0.96 (0.87-1.05) | ||||
| Place of delivery | ||||||
| Home | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Health facility | 0.77∗∗∗ (0.68-0.87) | 0.97 (0.85-1.11) | ||||
| Delivery assistance | ||||||
| TBA/others | Ref | Ref | ||||
| SBA/health professionals | 0.99 (0.87-1.12) | 0.91 (0.79-1.03) | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Rural | 1.04 (0.93-1.16) | 1.01 (0.90-1.14) | ||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Poorer | 0.97 (0.87-1.09) | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | ||||
| Middle | 0.86∗ (0.76-0.97) | 0.96 (0.85-1.09) | ||||
| Richer | 0.83∗∗ (0.73-0.95) | 1.00 (0.87-1.16) | ||||
| Richest | 0.53∗∗∗ (0.45-0.63) | 0.72∗∗∗ (0.59-0.87) | ||||
| Country | ||||||
| Burkina Faso | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Benin | 0.77∗∗∗ (0.66-0.89) | 0.81∗ (0.69-0.96) | ||||
| Cote d'Ivorie | 1.03 (0.86-1.22) | 1.07 (0.89-1.29) | ||||
| Gambia | 0.44∗∗∗ (0.36-0.55) | 0.39∗∗∗ (0.30-0.49) | ||||
| Mali | 0.82∗ (0.70-0.55) | 0.77∗∗ (0.64-0.92) | ||||
| Nigeria | 1.16∗ (1.03-1.30) | 1.14 (0.99-1.32) | ||||
| Sierra Leone | 1.13 (0.97-1.31) | 1.30∗∗ (1.10-1.55) | ||||
| Togo | 0.70∗∗∗ (0.58-0.85) | 0.78∗ (0.61-1.00) | ||||
| Random effect result | ||||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.07 (0.04-0.13) | 0.07 (0.04-0.13) | 0.06 (0.03-0.12) | 0.06 (0.03-0.12) | 0.05 (0.02-1.00) | 0.04 (0.02-0.10) |
| ICC | 0.0211678 | 0.0207558 | 0.0180652 | 0.0185152 | 0.0139181 | 0.0132386 |
| LR test | 15.92 (X2 = 0.0000) | 15.37 (X2 = 0.0000) | 12.03 (X2 = 0.0003) | 12.46 (X2 = 0.0002) | 7.51 (X2 = 0.0031) | 6.74 (X2 = 0.0047) |
| Wald chi-square | 131.30∗∗∗ | 233.56∗∗∗ | 282.90∗∗∗ | 209.09∗∗∗ | 721.41∗∗∗ | |
| Model fitness | ||||||
| Log-likelihood | -10031.127 | -99714453 | -9909.8115 | -9893.1726 | -9915.005 | -9661.2923 |
| AIC | 20066.25 | 19948.89 | 19863.62 | 19812.35 | 19858.01 | 19414.58 |
| N | 52877 | 52877 | 52877 | 52877 | 52877 | 52877 |
∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.