Table 3.
Multilevel logistic regression results on joint effect of maternal marital status and type of household cooking fuel on childhood stunting from 2010 to 2019 DHS across the 31 Sub-Saharan African Countries.
| Key Predictor Variable | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Maternal marital status-Cooking fuel | ||||||
| Married-clean | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Single unclean | 2.22 *** (2.08–2.36) | 1.65 *** (1.54–1.77) | 1.49 *** (1.39–1.60) | 1.83 *** (1.71–1.95) | 1.27 *** (1.17–1.47) | |
| Single clean | 1.25 *** (1.12–1.39) | 1.21 *** (1.08–1.36) | 1.22 *** (1.09–1.36) | 1.23 *** (1.10–1.37) | 1.18 * (1.05–1.32) | |
| Married-unclean | 2.25 *** (2.03–2.26) | 1.49 *** (1.41–1.59) | 0.04 *** (1.32–1.48) | 1.76 *** (1.66–1.87) | 1.25 *** (1.17–1.33) | |
| Random effects | ||||||
| PSU Variance (95% CI) | 0.02 (0.18–0.03) | 0.02 (0.02–0.3) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) |
| ICC | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| LR Test | 161.74 *** | 141.62 *** | 111.82 *** | 118.11 *** | 121.89 *** | 105.02 *** |
| Wild χ2 | Reference | 864.24 *** | 10,324.15 *** | 2958.64 *** | 2061.47 *** | 11,264.12 *** |
| Model fitness | ||||||
| Log-likelihood | −81,022.8 | −80,532.1 | −74,861.3 | −79,409.4 | −79,911.5 | −74,213.7 |
| AIC | 162,049.6 | 161,074.3 | 149,770.6 | 158,846.9 | 159,841 | 148,501.4 |
| Number of clusters | 1608 | 1608 | 1608 | 1608 | 1608 | 1608 |
* p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; Model 0: Empty model with no independent variables; Model I: Joint effect of maternal marital status and household cooking fuel type on stunting; Model II: Included individual level characteristics (age of child in years, sex of child, birth order and perceived size of child at birth, maternal age, educational attainment, working status, antenatal visits during pregnancy, postnatal check within 2 months and place of delivery) as covariates; Model III: Included household characteristics (wealth status, age of household head, sex of household head, access to electricity, type of toilet facility, source of drinking water and access to media) as covariates; Model IV: Included contextual factors (urbanicity and geographic region) as covariates; Model V: Included individual, household and contextual level characteristics as covariates Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets; cOR: crude odds ratios; aOR adjusted odds ratios; CI Confidence Interval; 1 = Reference category; PSU = Primary Sampling Unit; ICC = Intra-Class Correlation; LR Test = Likelihood ratio Test; AIC = Akaike’s Information Criterion.