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The effects of intraperitoneally administered single doses of tramadol (5, 15 and 45 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle on (a) REM sleep latency following the first non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episode and (b) the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the first 6 h after drug administration. Significant post hoc results are marked by * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8 rats/group).
