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. 2021 May 4;13(5):828. doi: 10.3390/v13050828

Table 8.

Natural compounds and their antiviral targets against Picornaviruses.

Natural Source Compound Picornaviruses Target CC50
(µg/mL)		 EC50-IC50
(µg/mL)		 SI Reference
Lagerstroemia
speciosa L.		 Orobol 7-O-d-glucoside (O7G) Human rhinovirus A
Human rhinovirus B		 Broad
spectrum
antiviral
activity		 100 0.58-8.80 12 [109]
Ocimum basilicum Crude aqueous extracts Coxsackievirus B1
Enterovirus 71		 1469.3 105.7 ± 2.6
200.2 ± 3.2		 13.9
7.3		 [61]
Ocimum basilicum Ethanolic extracts Coxsackievirus B1
Enterovirus 71		 684.8 146.3 ± 2.9
198.9 ± 1.8		 4.7
3.4
Woodfordia fruticosa Gallic acid Enterovirus 71 100 0.76 132 [110]
Raoulia australis Raoulic acid Human rhinovirus 2
Human rhinovirus 3
Coxsackievirus B3
Coxsackievirus B4
Enterovirus 71		 201.78
65.86 		0.1
0.19
0.33
0.40
0.1		 [111,112]
Ocimum basilicum Ursolic acid Coxsackievirus B1
Enterovirus 71		 Targets viral structures and inhibits viral infection and
replication
process		 100.5 0.4 ± 0.1
0.5 ± 0.2		 251
201		 [61]
Sylibum marianum Silymarin Enterovirus 71 160.20 ± 1.56 7.99 ± 3.0 20.05 [113]
Macaranga barteri DCM fraction Echoviruses E7
Echoviruses E19		 0.18 7.54 × 10−6
1.75 × 10−6 		19.9
8581.24		 [114]
Syzygium
brazzavillense 		Aqueous extract Coxsackievirus B4 2800 0.8 [116]
Rheum palmatum Ethanol extract Coxsackievirus B3 4 10 [117]
Lagerstroemia
speciosa L. 		Quercetin-7-glucoside (Q7G) Human rhinovirus 2 >100 4.85–0.59 >20.62 [118]
Salvia miltiorrhiza Rosmarinic acid Enterovirus A71 327.68 ± 14.43 31.57–114 2.87–10.36 [119]
Green tea Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Hepatitis virus A [130]
Vitis vinifera Grape seed
extract (GSE)		 Hepatitis virus A [131,132]
Lagerstroemia
speciosa L.		 Tannin ellagic acid Human rhinovirus 2
Human rhinovirus 3
Human rhinovirus 4		 Targets host cellular factors >100 38 ± 3.2
31 ± 5.2
29 ± 2.5		 >2.6
>3.2
>3.4		 [120]
Bupleurum kaoi Roots extract Coxsackievirus B1 883.56 50.93 [121]
Mix of seven
medicinal herbs		 Xiao chai hu tang Coxsackievirus B1 945.75 50.93 18.92 [122]
Ornithogalum
saundersiae 		Orsaponin (OSW-1) Enterovirus 71, Coxsackievirus A21 Human rhinovirus 2 >100 nM 2.4–9.4 nM [123,124]
Panax ginseng Ginsenosides Hepatitis virus A [133]

CC50: Half maximal cytotoxic concentration; EC50-IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration; SI: Selectivity index = CC50/IC50.