Table 10.
Natural compounds and their antiviral targets against Coronaviruses.
| Natural Source | Compound | Coronaviruses | Target | CC50 | EC50-IC50 | SI | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rheum officinalis | Emodin | SARSCoV | Targeting viral proteins | 200 μM | [152] | ||
| Panax ginseng | Ginsenoside-Rb1 | SARSCoV | [153] | ||||
| African trifolium | Secomet-V | SARSCoV | [154] | ||||
| Galla chinensis | Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | SARSCoV | 1.08 mM | 4.5 μM | 240 | [155] | |
| Bupleurum chinense | Saikosaponin B2 | HCoV-229E | 383.3 ± 0.2 µmol/L | 1.7 ± 0.1 µmol/L |
221.9 | [156] | |
| Stephaniae tetrandrae | Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids-tetrandrin | HCoVOC43 | 14.51 μM | 295.6 nM | >40 | [157] | |
| Ginkgo biloba | Quercetin | SARS-CoV-2 | 3CLpro inhibitory activity | [158] | |||
| Triterygium regelii | Triterpenes | SARS-CoV-2 | 2.6–10.3 μM | [159] | |||
| Black tea | 3-isotheaflavin-3-gallate (TF2B) and theaflavin-3,3’-digallate (TF3) | SARS-CoV-2 | ≤10 μM | [161] | |||
| Isatis indigota | Sinigrin Hesperetin |
SARS-CoV | >10,000 μM 2718 μM |
217 μM 8.3 μM |
[162] | ||
| Curcuma longa L. | Curcumin | SARS-CoV-2 | Broad-spectrum activity | [160,163] | |||
| Aglaia genus | Silvestrol | MERS-CoV HCoV-229E |
Inhibitors of viral mRNA translation | 1.3 nM 3 nM |
[166] | ||
| CR-31-B (-) | HCoV-229E SARS-CoV-2 |
[167,168] | |||||
| Isis hippuris | Hippuristanol | HCoV-229E | [169] | ||||
| Aplidium albicans | Plitidepsin | SARS-CoV-2 | 1.99 −> 200 nM | 0.70–1.62 nM | [173] |
CC50: Half maximal cytotoxic concentration; EC50-IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration; SI: Selectivity index = CC50/IC50.