Table 3.
Changes in clinical parameters after the treatment in the CKD group.
| Treatment | T0 | T2 | T3 | Difference Between Time Points (p-Value) |
Difference Between Arms (p-Value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | P | 25.8 ± 0.9 | 26.0 ± 0.9 | 26.0 ± 0.9 | - | - |
| S | 27.2 ± 1.0 | 27.0 ± 1.1 | 27.4 ± 1.0 | - | ||
| eGFR (mL/min) | P | 23.9 ± 3.6 | 22.7 ± 3.0 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | - | - |
| S | 31.5 ± 2.8 | 31.1 ± 2.4 | 31.4 ± 2.5 | - | ||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | P | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | - | p = 0.02 |
| S | 2.3 ± 0.2 $ | 2.3 ± 0.2 $ | 2.3 ± 0.2 $ | - | ||
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | P | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | - | ||
| Azotemia (mg/dL) | P | 97.0 ± 16.0 | 95.2 ± 16.4 | 97.5 ± 15.2 | - | - |
| S | 94.9 ± 7.2 | 94.1 ± 7.0 | 87.1 ± 6.2 § | 0.01 | ||
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | P | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.1 ± 0.2 | - | ||
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | P | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 3.42 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | - | - |
| S | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | - | ||
| Serum potassium (mEq/L) | P | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | - | ||
| Serum sodium (mEq/L) | P | 141.0 ± 0.6 | 140.5 ± 0.5 | 138.4 ± 0.8 *§ | p < 0.02 | p = 0.001 |
| S | 142.1 ± 0.6 | 142.7 ± 0.4 $ | 140.7 ± 0.8 | |||
| CaxP (mg2/dL2) | P | 31.6 ± 2.7 | 31.6 ± 2.5 | 19.7 ± 4.2 | - | - |
| S | 32.3 ± 1.4 | 31.8 ± 1.1 | 23.7 ± 3.2 § | 0.03 | ||
| Total serum proteins (g/dL) | P | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.2 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | - | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | P | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | - | ||
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | P | 66.7 ± 9.5 | 59.4 ± 8.7 | 58.3 ± 7.6 | - | - |
| S | 53.7 ± 3.6 | 51.8 ± 4.5 | 48.9 ± 3.7 | - | ||
| Urinary proteins (mg/dL) | P | 577.0 ± 211.0 | 414.2 ± 139.6 | 431.8 ± 135.4 | - | - |
| S | 500.9 ± 117.9 | 497.8 ± 108.8 | 502.1 ± 116.3 | - |
Changes in clinical parameters after the treatment with either placebo or synbiotic (T2) and after the washout (T3) in the group of 23 CKD patients that completed the study. Normal character indicates mean results for arm P (n = 10), bold character indicates mean results for arm S (n = 13). * p < 0.05 vs. T0, § p < 0.05 vs. T2, $ p < 0.05 vs. P. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, differences tested by Kruskal–Wallis multiple-comparison z-value test. Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index), eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), CaxP (calcium-phosphorus product), CRP (C-reactive protein).