Table 4.
Changes in clinical parameters after the treatment in the healthy group.
| Treatment | T0 | T2 | T3 | Difference Between Time Points (p-Value) |
Difference Between Arms (p-Value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | P | 23.5 ± 0.8 | 23.3 ± 0.8 | 23.4 ± 0.8 | - | - |
| S | 26.0 ± 1.6 | 26.0 ± 1.6 | 26.3 ± 1.6 | - | ||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | P | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.77 ± 0.03 | - | - |
| S | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | - | ||
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | P | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | - | ||
| Azotemia (mg/dL) | P | 32.6 ± 1.1 | 33.4 ± 2.1 | 31.2 ± 1.7 | - | - |
| S | 36.4 ± 3.1 | 33.3 ± 3.1 | 33.8 ± 3.0 | - | ||
| Serum calcium (mg/dL) | P | 9.4 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | - | - |
| S | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.1 ± 0.1 | 8.0 ± 1.0 | - | ||
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL) | P | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | - | ||
| Serum potassium (mEq/L) | P | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | - | - |
| S | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | - | ||
| CaxP (mg2/dL2) | P | 31.9 ± 1.4 | 31.8 ± 1.5 | 23.8 ± 3.9 | - | - |
| S | 29.6 ± 1.9 | 29.9 ± 1.9 | 26.4 ± 3.9 | - | ||
| Total serum proteins (g/dL) | P | 7.5 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | - | |
| S | 7.4 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | - | ||
| CRP (mg/L) | P | 2.90 ± 0.04 | 2.9 ± 0.04 | 2.9 ± 0.00 | - | - |
| S | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | - | ||
| Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | P | 103.2 ± 11.0 | 112.2 ± 13.7 | 101.1 ± 17.5 | - | - |
| S | 157.1 ± 29.4 | 154.0 ± 43.8 | 136.2 ± 20.5 | - | ||
| Urinary proteins (mg/dL) | P | 89.0 ± 10.6 | 85.1 ± 9.0 | 76.2 ± 8.1 | - | - |
| S | 125.9 ± 17.9 | 109.2 ± 23.8 | 103.2 ± 13.1 | - |
Changes in clinical parameters after the treatment with either placebo or synbiotic (T2) and after the washout (T3) in the group of 24 healthy volunteers that completed the study. Normal character indicates mean results for arm P (n = 14), bold character indicates mean results for arm S (n = 10). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, differences tested by Kruskal–Wallis multiple-comparison z-value test. Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index), CaxP (calcium-phosphorus product), CRP (C-reactive protein).