Table 6.

Effect of chronic placebo or synbiotic administration on gastrointestinal permeability in CKD patients.

Placebo	Baseline	T2	T3	p-Value
Number	9	9	9
Stomach (sucrose recovery, %)	0.02 ± 0.003	0.018 ± 0.003	0.021 ± 0.003	ns
Median	0.02	0.02	0.02
Range	0.01–0.05	0.01–0.03	0.01–0.04
Small intestine (lactulose/mannitol, ratio)	0.027 ± 0.006	0.022 ± 0.006	0.02 ± 0.006	ns
Median	0.018	0.02	0.02
Range	0.012–0.10	0.014–0.035	0.01–0.035
Colon (sucralose recovery, %)	0.36 ± 0.06	0.37 ± 0.07	0.34 ± 0.06	ns
Median	0.32	0.37	0.36
Range	0.16–0.56	0–0.08	0.14–0.57
Synbiotic	Baseline	T2	T3	p-Value
Number	12	12	12
Stomach (sucrose recovery, %)	0.017 ± 0.002	0.017 ± 0.002	0.015 ± 0.002	ns
Median	0.02	0.015	0.01
Range	0.01–0.03	0.01–0.03	0.01–0.03
Small intestine (lactulose/mannitol, ratio)	0.019 ± 0.01	0.015 ± 0.001 *	0.015 ± 0.001 *	0.040
Median	0.017	0.015	0.014
Range	0.01–0.032	0.008–0.022	0.01–0.023
Colon (sucralose recovery, %)	0.35 ± 0.04	0.41 ± 0.05	0.36 ± 0.05	ns
Median	0.34	0.4	0.31
Range	0.2–0.65	0.2–0.7	0–0.82

Data expressed as mean ± SEM, median and range. Differences tested by one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD Multiple comparison test. * p < 0.05 vs. baseline.