Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
| Author, Year | Country | Number of Included Studies |
n | % Male | Mean Age (years) | Intervention Oil | Comparator Oil | Duration of Intervention (days) | Outcome | Baseline Serum Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) |
Conflict of Interest Funding Source |
AMSTAR2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harland et al., 2009 [15] |
UK | 2 | 34 | 52.9 | 18–78 | Mixed saturated fat Palm oil (22 g/d) (*30%–39% of total calorie intake from fat) |
Canola oil (23 g/d) |
18–56 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG | 170 to 275 | CI: Food industry organizations FS: Dow AgroSciences, Hertfordshire, UK. |
Critically low |
| Mozaffarian et al., 2009 [16] | USA | 13 for lipid parameters | 528 | 53 | 25–63 | Palm oil Lard Soybean oil (* 7.5% of total calorie intake from fat) |
20%Trans fatty acid PHO 35% Trans fatty acid PHO 45% Trans fatty acid PHO |
17–70 | TC/HDL-c, Lap(a) |
116 to 278 |
CI: no conflict of interest FS: University of Otago Research and Enterprise Unit. |
Critically low |
| 4 prospective cohorts for clinical outcomes |
139,836 | 43.6 | 30–84 (min to max) |
5–20 years | Adjusted risk reduction in coronary heart disease (nonfatal myocardial infarction or CHD death) |
190 to 282 | Critically low | |||||
| Fattore et al., 2014 [17] | Italy | 51 | 1526 | 66 | 16–75 | Palm oil (*4%–43% of total calorie intake from fat) |
Stearic acid Myristic/lauric oil MUFA PUFA Trans fatty acid PHO Interestified palm oil |
14–112 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG, VLDL-c, apo B, apo A-I, TC/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, Lap(a) |
108 to 271 | CI: no conflict of interest FS: Universita Bocconi, Soremartec Italia s.r.l. |
Critically low |
| Sun et al., 2015 [18] | Singapore | 32 | 1073 |
65.4 | 16–68 | Palm oil (*12%–43% of total energy intake from fat) |
Vegetable oil low in saturated fat Trans fat-containing oil Animal fat |
14–112 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG |
120 to 341 | CI: no conflict of interest FS: The National Medical Research Council, Singapore |
Low |
| Jolfaie et al., 2016 [19] |
Iran | 11 | 344 | 36 | 34–61 | Rice bran oil | Other oils | 21–90 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG, VLDL-c, apo B, apo A, TC/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, Lap(a) | 134 to 325 | CI: no conflict of interest FS: NR |
Low |
| Ghobadi et al., 2018 [20] |
Iran | 9 | 292 | 49.31 | 22–65 | Saturated fat (*7%–20% of total energy intake from fat) |
Canola oil (12–50 g/d) |
21–180 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG, apo B, apo A-I, LDL/HDL, TC/HDL | 130 to 309 | CI: no conflict of interest FS: no funding source |
Moderate |
| Ghobadi et al., 2018 [21] | Iran | 3 | 198 | 58.08 | 23–84 | Palm oil (*3%–81% of total energy intake from fat) |
Olive oil (25–60 g/d) |
21–180 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG, apo B, apo A-I | 167 to 257 | CI: no conflict of interest FS: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences |
High |
| Panth et al., 2018 [22] | Australia | 10 | 299 | 53.5 | 21–66 | Naturally occurring medium chain fatty acid (*14.2–108 g/d) |
Long-chain fatty acid | 21–42 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG, VLDL-c apo A-I, apo B |
113 to 274 | CI: no conflict of interest FS: no funding source |
High |
| Schwingshackl et al., 2018 [23] | Germany | 28 |
2065 | 54 | 22–84 | Soy oil, palm oil, coconut oil, lard | Other oils and solid fat | 21–189 | LDL-c, TC, HDL-c, TAG | 130 to 274 | CI: no conflict of interest FS: no funding source |
High |
Apo A-1: Apolipoprotein A-1; Apo B: Apolipoprotein B; CI: Conflict of interest; FS: Funding source; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; Lap (a): Lipoprotein (a); LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acid; NA: not reported; NIDDM: Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; PHO: Partially hydrogenated oil; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid; TAG: Triacylglycerol; TC: Total cholesterol; TFA: Trans fatty acid.