SF3B3 knockdown induces autophagy in vivo. (A) Tumor volume and (B) body weight of WT and SF3B3-knockdown tumor tissue (n = 10); (C)–(F) The expression of Ki-67, SF3B3, SQSTM1/P62 and LC3B determined by immunohistochemistry in representative tumor sections of mice after SF3B3 knockdown. Scale bar = 40 μm. Relative Ki-67, SF3B3, SQSTM1/P62 and LC3B expression was quantified by normalization to the WT group; ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001. (G) Western blot analysis of SF3B3, ULK1, p-ULK1Ser317, p-ULK1Ser555, mATG13, p-mATG13Ser318, FIP200, ATG101, ATG5, ATG16L, beclin-1, SQSTM1/P62 and LC3 II. Relative ATG101, beclin-1 and LC3 II expression was quantified by normalization to β-actin expression. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗∗P < 0.001.