Table 1. Demographics and procedural characteristics of participants (n = 138).
| Variable | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 81 (58.7%) |
| Female | 57 (41.3%) |
| Age Range | |
| Young adults (18–35) | 41 (29.7%) |
| Middle adults (36–55) | 62 (44.9%) |
| Older adults (>55) | 35 (25.4%) |
| Formal educational level | |
| None | 10 (7.2%) |
| Primary | 41 (29.7%) |
| Secondary | 44 (31.9%) |
| Tertiary | 43 (21.2%) |
| Religion | |
| Christian | 109 (79%) |
| Muslim | 29 (21%) |
| Type of Surgery | |
| Appendicectomy | 27 (19.6%) |
| Cholecystectomy | 6 (4.3%) |
| Exploratory laparotomy | 62 (44.9%) |
| Gastrectomy | 1 (0.7%) |
| Herniorrhaphy | 42 (30.4%) |
| Type of Anaesthesia | |
| General | 134 (97.1%) |
| Spinal | 4 (2.9%) |
| Postoperative analgesia | |
| Opioids only | 2 (1.4%) |
| NSAIDs only | 0 (0%) |
| Combination therapy | 136 (98.6%) |
| Persistent pain ≥3 months | |
| Yes | 68 (49.3%) |
| No | 70 (50.7%) |
| The severity of persistent pain (0–10) | |
| Mild (0–3) | 2 (3.0%) |
| Moderate (4–7) | 49 (73.1%) |
| Severe (8–10) | 16 (23.9%) |
| Location of persistent pain | |
| Site of surgery | 62 (44.8%) |
| Elsewhere | 4 (3.0%) |
| Both | 72 (52.2%) |
n: number of cases.