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. 2021 May 25;13:118. doi: 10.1186/s13148-021-01102-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — DMRs in blood samples from COVID-19 patients on hospital admission are distinct from patients with non-COVID-19 respiratory illness in genes that participate in virus-related pathways and disorders. A Box and whisker plot depicts the difference in mean global methylation level (y-axis) between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 respiratory ill patients (1 and 0, respectively; x-axis). Each black dot represents the mean methylation level of each participant. These results indicate that global mean methylation levels do not distinguish COVID-19 from non-COVID-19 respiratory ill patients. B Circos plot depicts genomic distribution of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) across the human genome. (Outer ring) Each chromosome is shown as a different color. The relative chromosome size is represented by the arc bar length. (Inner rings) Hyper-methylated DMRs are shown in red and hypo-methylated regions are shown in blue. Sex chromosomes were omitted from the analysis. These results indicate that 254 DNA differentially methylated regions distinguish SARS-Cov-2 infection from non-COVID-19 respiratory illness. C Bar Graph of the top ten disease ontological (DO) biological processes related to the SARS-CoV-2-associted differentially methylated genes, ordered by statistical significance. The X-axis indicates the number of SARS-CoV-2 DMR-associated genes that contribute to each DO term. Bar color indicates the FDR p value using a Fischer test. These results indicate that the observed DMRs occur in genes that participate in inflammatory and host-defense processes. D Bar Graph of the top ten gene ontological (GO) processes related to the SARS-CoV-2-associated differentially methylated genes, ordered by statistical significance. The X-axis indicates the number of SARS-CoV-2 DMR-associated genes that contribute to each GO term. BAR color indicates the FDR P-value by using a Fischer test. These results indicate that the observed DMRs occur in genes that participate in the pathology of influenza, other viral infections and inflammatory disorders