Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics of COVID-19 and non-Covid 19 in ICU and non-ICU setting and healthy controls
| Variables | COVID-19 | Non-COVID-19 | Healthy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 102 |
non-ICU n = 51 |
ICU n = 51 |
Total n = 26 |
non-ICU n = 10 |
ICU n = 16 |
Total n = 39 |
|
| Days admitted pre-enrollment (iqr)* | 3.37 (1–5) | 2.78 (1–3) | 3.96 (1–6) | 0.97 (1–1) | 0.9 (0.8–1) | 0.94 (1–1) | N/A |
| Sex—n (%) | |||||||
| Male | 64 (62.7%) | 30 (58.8%) | 34 (66.7%) | 13 (50%) | 4 (40%) | 9 (56%) | 18 (46%) |
| Female | 38 (37.3%) | 21 (41.2%) | 17 (33.3%) | 13 (50%) | 6 (60%) | 7 (44%) | 21 (54%) |
| Age-year | |||||||
| Mean (IQR)+ | 61.3 (50.0–74.3) | 59.7 (49.0–80.0) | 62.9 (55.0–73.0) | 63.8 (52.3–76.8) | 60.4 (47.3–74.0) | 66 (55.3–80.3) | 75.8 (71.9–78.8) |
| Etnicity—n (%) | |||||||
| White*+ | 46 (45.1%) | 28 (54.9%) | 18 (35.3%) | 21 (80.8%) | 8 (80%) | 13 (81.2%) | 35 (89.7%) |
| Black | 11 (10.8%) | 5 (9.8%) | 6 (11.8%) | 4 (15.4%) | 2 (20%) | 2 (12.5%) | 4 (10.3%) |
| Asian*+ | 2 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Hispanic*+ | 21 (20.6%) | 7 (13.7%) | 14 (27.5%) | 1 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other*+ | 22 (21.6%) | 11 (21.6%) | 11 (21.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 mean (IQR) | 30.39 (25.30–32.24) | 29.84 (26.09–32.37) | 30.92 (24.50–32.05) | 30.36 (26.53–33.10) | 27.20 (23.68–30.38) | 32.34 (26.98–37.67) | 28.52 (24.15–30.40) |
| Severity indexes (IQR) | |||||||
| Charlson comorbidity index* | 3.3 (1–5) | 3.16 (1–5) | 3.49 (2–5) | 4.35 (2–6) | 3.3 (1–5) | 5 (3–7) | N/A |
| APACHEII | N/A | N/A | 21.6 (15–27) | N/A | N/A | 20.6 (12–26) | N/A |
| SOFA | N/A | N/A | 8.2 (6–11) | N/A | N/A | 8.6 (3–11) | N/A |
| SAPSII | N/A | N/A | 51.8 (45–62) | N/A | N/A | 47.6 (33–65) | N/A |
| Biomarkers (IQR) | |||||||
| Ferritin (ng/mL)* | 938.9 (301.8–1203.8) | 782.6 (206.0–934.5) | 1076.9 (378.0–1294.0) | 250.5 (80.5–382.5) | 205.3 (58.0–411.0) | 285.7 (92.0–438.5) | N/A |
| C-Reactive protein (mg/L)* | 140.9 (52.0–204.3) | 120.6 (44.7–155.0) | 158.9 (61.7–248.3) | 73.8 (20.0–110.2) | 34.7 (8.9–56.8) | 99.8 (37.8–175.2) | N/A |
| D-dimer (mg/L FEU) | 11.7 (1.0–12.8) | 2.3 (0.6–1.73) | 18.6 (1.7–21.6) | 5.3 (0.5–4.6) | 5.2 (0.4–1.9) | 5.5 (0.6–10.2) | N/A |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 3.2 (0.2–1.8) | 1.7 (0.2–1.0) | 4.4 (0.3–2.3) | 2.1 (0.2–0.7) | 2.2 (0.1–3.4) | 2.1 (0.3–1.21) | N/A |
| Lactate (mmol/ L)* | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (0.9–1.5) | 2.1 (0.9–2.5) | 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 2.53 (0.9–3.4) | N/A |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL)* | 543.6 (413.0–667.0) | 559.3 (420.0–703.0) | 531.7 (391.5–663.0) | 362.3 (257.3–550.0) | 348.0 (256.75–441.5) | 373 (257.3–572.0) | N/A |
| Albumin (mg/L)* | 2.9 (2.6–3.3) | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 2.7 (2.4–2.9) | 3.4 (2.9–3.8) | 3.8 (3.4–4.1) | 3.19 (2.6–3.8) | N/A |
| Hemogram (IQR) | |||||||
| White blood cells (K/uL) | 10.8 (6.1–12.5) | 7.1 (4.9–8.5) | 14.4 (8.4–15.4) | 12.7 (7.2–17.3) | 8.3 (6.7–9.7) | 15.4 (8.2–20.9) | N/A |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL)* | 11.2 (9.7–12.6) | 11.6 (10.2–13.0) | 10.7 (9.4–12.1) | 12.4 (9.9–14.7) | 12.8 (10.45–14.85) | 12.3 (9.6–14.5) | N/A |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fL)* | 87.1 (84.5–93.7) | 88.0 (85.6–94.2) | 86.2 (82.5–93.0) | 92.3 (88.6–95.4) | 91.2 (87.2–94.6) | 93.0 (89.4–97.8) | N/A |
| Platelet (K/uL)* | 266.0 (192.5–320.5) | 269.2 (209.0–334) | 262.8 (187.0–317.0) | 203.5 (151.8–247.8) | 228.1 (163.5–278.0) | 188.2 (127.5–229.5) | N/A |
| Neutrophils (%) | 76.2 (68.5–86.0) | 69.7 (61.0–82.0) | 82.8 (80.0–90.0) | 77.7 (74.0–87.0) | 73.1 (58.8–82.5) | 80.5 (79.25–89.25) | N/A |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 13.8 (5.0–18.5) | 19.4 (9.0–26.0) | 8.3 (4.0–11.0) | 12.7 (6.0–18.0) | 16.9 (7.0–26.0) | 10.1 (4.3–10.8) | N/A |
| Monocytes (%) | 7.1 (4.0–9.0) | 8.8 (6.0–11.0) | 5.5 (3.0–8.0) | 8.0 (4.0–9.3) | 7.7 (4.0–10.3) | 8.2 (4.0–9.0) | N/A |
| Eosinophils (%) | 0.8 (0.0–1.0) | 1.1 (0.0–1.0) | 0.5 (0.0–1.0) | 1.0 (0.0–1.25) | 1.8 (0.0–3.3) | 0.44 (0.0–1.0) | N/A |
| Respiratory parameters | |||||||
| PaO2/FiO2 Ratio | N/A | N/A | 161.6 (98–211) | N/A | N/A | 149.4 (73–184) | N/A |
| Positive-end expiratory pressure (cmH2O)* | N/A | N/A | 10.8 (10–12) | N/A | N/A | 6.6 (73–184) | N/A |
| Inspiratory Plateau (cmH2O) | N/A | N/A | 22.8 (19.7–25.3) | N/A | N/A | 23.9 (19.8–28.8) | N/A |
| Treatment—n (%) | |||||||
| Renal Replacement Therapy | 12 (11.8%) | 3 (5.9%) | 9 (17.6%) | 3 (11.5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (18.8%) | N/A |
| Hydroxychloroquine* | 87 (85.3%) | 43 (84.3%) | 44 (86.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A |
| Antibiotics* | 98 (96.1%) | 47 (92.2%) | 51 (100%) | 16 (61.5%) | 3 (30.0%) | 13 (81.3%) | N/A |
| Antiviral* | 1 (0.98%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A |
| IL6-Antagoinist* | 4 (3.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (3.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A |
| Convalescent Plasma* | 26 (25.5%) | 8 (15.7%) | 18 (35.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A |
| Steroid* | 46 (45.1%) | 12 (23.5%) | 34 (66.7%) | 4 (15.4%) | 1 (10.0%) | 3 (18.8%) | N/A |
| Therapeutic Anticoagulation | 37 (36.3%) | 2 (3.9%) | 35 (68.6%) | 8 (30.8%) | 1 (10.0%) | 7 (43.8%) | N/A |
| Comorbidities—n (%) | |||||||
| Smoking history* | 18 (17.6%) | 11 (21.6%) | 7 (13.7%) | 10 (38.5%) | 1 (10.0%) | 9 (56.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Myocardial infarction* | 11 (10.8%) | 7 (13.7%) | 4 (7.4%) | 8 (30.8%) | 2 (20.0%) | 6 (37.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Congestive heart failure* | 4 (3.9%) | 2 (3.9%) | 2 (3.9%) | 4 (15.4%) | 1 (10.0%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease* | 1 (0.98%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (15.4%) | 1 (10.0%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Cerebrovascular accident* | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 3 (11.5%) | 1 (10.0%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Dementia | 6 (5.9%) | 4 (7.8%) | 2 (3.9%) | 1 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Pulmonary disease | 21 (20.6%) | 10 (19.6%) | 11 (21.5%) | 4 (15.4%) | 2 (20.0%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| Rheumatic disease | 3 (2.9%) | 3 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1 (0.98%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 36 (35.3%) | 15 (29.4%) | 21 (41.2%) | 6 (23.1%) | 2 (20.0%) | 4 (25.0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Renal disease | 11 (10.8%) | 4 (7.8%) | 7 (13.7%) | 5 (19.2%) | 2 (20.0%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Cancer (solid) | 4 (3.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 3 (5.9%) | 2 (7.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| HIV/AIDS | 2 (1.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
*Indicates a significant difference between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 hospitalized groups. +Indicates a significant difference between COVID-19 and healthy control groups