Fig. 1.

Basic conceptual model of a circular and iterative research cycle form bedside to bench through translational domains of research. (A) Traditional linear flow of ideas and research from bench through to bedside. (B) A new approach to conducting research, which is perpetual and iterative. The primary flow is clockwise; however, flow of research can be counterclockwise such that all 3 research domains are platforms for both hypothesis generation and causal inferences. EHR, electronic health record; HTE, heterogeneous treatment effect.