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The relationship between various cells type. FGF23 is produced by cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages. FGF23 directly induces prohypertrophic, profibrotic, and proinflammatory signaling via paracrine mechanisms. FGF23: fibroblast growth factor 23; NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species.
