Figure 1.

NA modulates the host response of PBMCs against A. fumigatus

(A) TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in culture supernatants of PBMCs (n = 12) stimulated with 1 × 10⁷/mL of mock- or NA-treated A. fumigatus conidia.

(B and C) PBMCs or neutrophils (n = 12) were stimulated with A. fumigatus conidia in the presence or absence of NA, and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-8 were measured from 24-h-cultured supernatants.

(D) Gene expression profiling of the NEU genes in PBMCs (n = 8) that were stimulated with heat-killed A. fumigatus conidia for 4 and 24 h.¹⁶

Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗p < 0.05.