TABLE 3.
Unstandardized regression coefficients, standard deviations, and Tymms’ Δ [with 95% confidence intervals] of the multilevel analyses predicting students’ math self-concept.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
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| Girls |
Boys |
Girls |
Boys |
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| Variables | B | SD | Δ | B | SD | Δ | B | SD | Δ | B | SD | Δ |
| Within-level | ||||||||||||
| Gender stereotype | −0.26 [−0.35, −0.16] | 1.13 [1.06, 1.19] | −0.43 [−0.59, −0.27] | 0.21 [0.11, 0.30] | 1.13 [1.06, 1.19] | 0.35 [0.19, 0.51] | −0.15 [−0.22, −0.07] | 1.13 [1.06, 1.19] | −0.24 [−0.37, −0.11] | 0.13 [0.06, 0.21] | 1.13 [1.06, 1.19] | 0.24 [0.10, 0.37] |
| Math grade | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.28 [0.25, 0.31] | 2.93 [2.79, 3.06] | 1.19 [1.07, 1.31] | 0.24 [0.21, 0.27] | 2.93 [2.79, 3.06] | 1.12 [0.98, 1.26] |
| Age | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 [−0.01, 0.19] | 0.65 [0.56, 0.73] | 0.09 [−0.01, 0.18] | −0.06 [−0.19, 0.08] | 0.65 [0.56, 0.73] | −0.06 [−0.19, 0.08] |
| Between-level | ||||||||||||
| Gender stereotype | −0.63 [−0.99, −0.28] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.47] | −0.38 [−0.59, −0.17] | 0.28 [−0.22, 0.79] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.47] | 0.17 [−0.14, 0.48] | −0.58 [−0.95, −0.21] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.46] | −0.34 [−0.56, −0.13] | −0.03 [−0.52, 0.46] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.46] | −0.02 [−0.33, 0.29] |
| Math grade | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.08 [−0.06, 0.22] | 0.90 [0.67, 1.08] | 0.11 [−0.08, 0.29] | −0.04 [−0.27, 0.19] | 0.90 [0.67, 1.08] | −0.06 [−0.39, 0.27] |
| Age | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.05 [−0.10, 0.01] | 1.91 [1.70, 2.10] | −0.13 [−0.29, 0.03] | −0.07 [−0.16, 0.03] | 1.91 [1.70, 2.10] | −0.20 [−0.48, 0.08] |
| Contextual effect | ||||||||||||
| Gender stereotype | −0.38 [−0.76, −0.00] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.47] | −0.23 [−0.46, −0.00] | 0.07 [−0.44, 0.59] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.47] | 0.05 [−0.27, 0.36] | −0.44 [−0.82, −0.05] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.46] | −0.26 [−0.48, −0.03] | −0.16 [−0.67, 0.34] | 0.40 [0.33, 0.46] | −0.10 [−0.42, 0.22] |
The table shows the pooled results over m = 50 imputed data sets. Tymms’ (2004) Δ was calculated using the formula Δ = (2 × B × SDpredictor)/σ, where B is the unstandardized regression coefficient, SDpredictor is the standard deviation of the predictor variable (for the contextual effect: at the between-level), and σ is the total standard deviation of math self-concept (Model 1: σ = 1.35 for girls, σ = 1.32 for boys; Model 2: σ = 1.37 for girls, σ = 1.27 for boys). Both models also included 10 dummy variables at the between-level, indicating students’ affiliation to 1 of 11 schools (not depicted). Bold values are significantly different from zero (p < 0.05). N = 1,424 (n = 800 girls, n = 607 boys, n = 17 not specified).