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. 2021 May 25;11:10833. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90404-2

Table 3.

Subgroup analysis of association between PCa risk.

Category of variables Studies, n Heterogeneity RR (95%CI) P value for difference
I2, % P value
PCa 7 93.0  < 0.001 0.75(0.54–1.03) 0.075
Type of RR
  HR 2 70.6 0.065 1.18(0.71–1.98) 0.529
  OR 1 0.73(0.66–0.81)  < 0.001
  SIR 4 66.1 0.031 0.58(0.45–0.76)  < 0.001
Study design
  Cohort study 5 95.1  < 0.001 0.74(0.44–1.22) 0.231
  Case–control study 2 0 0.627 0.73(0.66–0.82)  < 0.001
Geographic area
  North America 2 98.2  < 0.001 0.93(0.39–2.21) 0.873
  Asia 1 0.84(0.48–1.47) 0.539
  Europe 3 0 0.930 0.73(0.66–0.81)  < 0.001
  Australia 1 0.40(0.28–0.57)  < 0.001
Publication year
  After 2012 5 94.3  < 0.001 0.83(0.59–1.16) 0.274
  Before 2012 2 9.1 0.294 0.43(0.26–0.71) 0.001
NOS score
  ≥ 7 5 95.3  < 0.001 0.73(0.48–1.13) 0.160
   ≤ 6 2 0 0.644 0.74(0.61–0.91) 0.003

HCV = hepatitis C; RCC = renal cell carcinoma; BC = bladder cancer; PCa = prostate cancer; RR = relative risk; HR = hazard ratio; OR = odds ratio; SIR = standardized incidence ratio; NOS = Newcastle–Ottawa Scale;