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. 2021 May 25;12:2765. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23014-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A Fraction of frail persons is strongly correlated with the excess DOSI levels, that is the difference between the DOSI of an individual and its average and the sex- and age-matched cohort in the “non-frail” population in NHANES. B Exponential fit showed that until the age of 70 y.o. the fraction of the “most frail” individuals in the population grows approximately exponentially with age with the doubling rate constants of 0.08 and 0.10 per year in the UKB and the NHANES cohorts, respectively. C Distribution of log-hazards ratio in age- and sex-matched cohorts of NHANES participants who never smoked, smoked previously but quit prior to the time of study participation, or were current smokers at the time of the study. The DOSI level is elevated for current smokers, while it is almost indistinguishable between never-smokers and those who quit smoking (two-sided Mann–Whitney test p > 0.05). Each boxplot shows the center (median) of the distribution, boxplot bounds show the 25 and 75% percentiles and boxplot whiskers show the 5 and 95% percentiles.