Table 1.
Iron affects macrophage phenotypes.
| Cell Types | Inducers | Treatments | Changes of mediators | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human macrophage | LPS (100 ng/ml), 24 h | Deferiprone (DEF) (0.5 mM) | ATF4↓ IL-1β↓ TNF-a ↓ TGF-β↑ | (36) |
| Rat alveolar macrophage | LPS (1 μg/ml)+TNF-α (4 U/ml), 30 min | Iron-deficient diet | NF-κB activity↓ | (37) |
| LPS (1 μg/ml) + TNF-α (4 U/ml), 30 min | Iron dextran (10 mg/125 mg) | NF-κB activity ↑ | (37) | |
| Microglia | Not provided | Endogenous iron absorbed by macrophages | TNF ↑ | (38) |
| Mouse and rat macrophages | LPS (5 μg/ml)+ IFN-γ (100 U/ml) | Fe2+ (FeSO4, 0.04, 0.2, 1 mM) | NO↓ | (39) |
| PMA-primed THP-1 | Resting condition | Hepcidin, 24 h | IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio↑ iNOS↑ | (40) |
| THP-1 | Resting condition | FeCl3 (0.01 mM), 5 min Hemin (0.01 mM), 5 min | IL-6 ↑ | (41) |
| LPS+IFN-γ or IL-4+ IL-13, 20 ng/ml, 24 h | FAC (0.1 mM) | IL-1β↓ TNF-α↓ CCL17↑ CCL22 ↑ | (42, 43) | |
| RAW264.7 | Resting condition | Ferumoxytol (2.73 mg/ml, equal to 48.9 mM Fe2+), 24 h | TNF-α↑CD86 ↑ IL-10 ↓ CD206↓ | (44) |
| IFN-γ (20 ng/ml), 24 h | FAC, (0.089 mM Fe3+) | IL-1β↓ TNF-α ↓ iNOS ↓ | (35) | |
| Resting condition | Fe3+ (ferric citrate, 2.5 mg/ml, 10.2 mM Fe3+) or Fe2+ (ferrous citrate, 2.5 mg/ml, 10.2 mM Fe2+), 2 h | IL-1β↑ TNF-α↑ iNOS ↑ | (45) | |
| LPS (100 ng/ml)+IFN-γ (20 ng/ml) or IL-4 (20 ng/ml)+ IL-13 (20 ng/ml), 24h | FAC (0.05-0.15 mM) | GMFG ↓ | (38, 46) | |
| BMDM | Resting condition | FAC (0.25 mM), 4 h | iNOS↑ CCL2↑ IL-1β↑ KLF4↓ | (47) |
| LPS+IFN-γ or IL-4+ IL-13, 20 ng/ml, 24 h | FAC (0.1 mM) | IL-1β↓ CCL17↑ CCL22 ↑ |
(42) | |
| IL-4 (20 ng/ml), overnight | Iron dextran (20 mM) or RBCs (10:1) | CD16/32 ↑ CD206 ↓ | (38, 42) |
RBCs, Red blood cells; “↑”, increase; “↓”, decrease.