Table 2.
Descriptive analysis of each variable and association with depression scores
| Variables | Total N = 13,654 | Depression (Mean = 9.5; SD = 6.7) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | Mean | (SD) | t/F | p-value | |
| COVID-19 related factors | ||||||
| Has anyone in your family been infected with COVID-19? | ||||||
| Yes | 417 | (3.1) | 12.2 | (5.9) | 94.41 | < 0.001 |
| No | 13,237 | (96.9) | 9.0 | (6.7) | ||
| Have you had a COVID-19 detection test? | ||||||
| Yes | 716 | (5.2) | 11.1 | (6.2) | 73.58 | < 0.001 |
| No | 12,938 | (94.8) | 8.9 | (6.7) | ||
| COVID-19 tests results | ||||||
| Positive | 286 | (5.1) | 11.6 | (6.1) | 26.52 | < 0.001 |
| Negative | 5297 | (94.9) | 9.5 | (6.7) | ||
| Have you had a fear that COVID-19 could infect you? | ||||||
| Yes | 9372 | (68.6) | 9.6 | (6.7) | 167.56 | < 0.001 |
| No | 4282 | (31.4) | 8.0 | (6.7) | ||
| Is the pandemic affecting your family income? | ||||||
| Yes | 9394 | (68.8) | 9.2 | (6.8) | 17.63 | < 0.001 |
| No | 4260 | (31.2) | 8.7 | (6.5) | ||
| Has anyone in your family lost their job during the pandemic? | ||||||
| Yes | 2547 | (18.7) | 10.5 | (6.7) | 149.02 | < 0.001 |
| No | 11,107 | (81.3) | 8.7 | (6.7) | ||
| Has there been a scarcity of food for your family during the pandemic? | ||||||
| Yes | 3337 | (24.4) | 10.5 | (6.8) | 201.25 | < 0.001 |
| No | 10,317 | (75.6) | 8.6 | (6.6) | ||
| Using handkerchief/tissue during sneezing or coughing | ||||||
| Yes | 11,504 | (84.3) | 8.9 | (6.7) | 37.46 | < 0.001 |
| No | 2150 | (15.7) | 9.9 | (6.8) | ||
| Sniffing the nose by the fold of elbows while sneezing and coughing | ||||||
| Yes | 11,703 | (85.7) | 9.0 | (6.7) | 12.95 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1951 | (14.3) | 9.6 | (6.8) | ||
| Discharging cough/sputum in a proper place | ||||||
| Yes | 11,997 | (87.9) | 8.8 | (6.8) | 98.50 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1657 | (12.1) | 10.6 | (6.1) | ||
| Washing hands with soaps or other cleaners | ||||||
| Yes | 12,910 | (94.6) | 8.9 | (6.7) | 101.96 | < 0.001 |
| No | 744 | (5.4) | 11.5 | (5.9) | ||
| Using a face mask while outside | ||||||
| Yes | 12,986 | (95.1) | 9.0 | (6.7) | 23.75 | < 0.001 |
| No | 668 | (4.9) | 10.3 | (6.6) | ||
| Discharging tissue in a proper place | ||||||
| Yes | 12,585 | (92.2) | 9.0 | (6.7) | 29.97 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1069 | (7.8) | 10.1 | (6.4) | ||
| Maintaining spatial distance | ||||||
| Yes | 12,654 | (92.7) | 8.9 | (6.7) | 56.04 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1000 | (7.3) | 10.6 | (6.8) | ||
| Maintaining hygiene | ||||||
| Yes | 12,265 | (89.8) | 9.0 | (6.7) | 10.70 | 0.001 |
| No | 1389 | (10.2) | 9.6 | (6.7) | ||
| Lifestyle and activities in home quarantine | ||||||
| Sleeping hours | ||||||
| < 7 h | 2670 | (19.6) | 10.3 | (6.7) | 267.22 | < 0.001 |
| > 9 h | 1722 | (12.6) | 11.7 | (6.9) | ||
| 7–9 h | 9262 | (67.8) | 8.2 | (6.5) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Yes | 2179 | (16.0) | 9.8 | (6.6) | 29.21 | < 0.001 |
| No | 11,475 | (84.0) | 8.9 | (6.7) | ||
| Internet using hours | ||||||
| < 2 h | 1665 | (12.2) | 7.9 | (6.1) | 114.01 | < 0.001 |
| 2–4 h | 4245 | (31.1) | 8.0 | (6.4) | ||
| 5–6 h | 3456 | (25.3) | 9.2 | (6.4) | ||
| > 6 h | 4288 | (31.4) | 10.4 | (7.2) | ||
| Attending online classes | ||||||
| Yes | 4853 | (35.5) | 8.9 | (6.8) | 3.34 | 0.068 |
| No | 8801 | (64.5) | 9.1 | (6.6) | ||
| Playing videogames | ||||||
| Yes | 4648 | (34.0) | 9.5 | (6.8) | 28.35 | < 0.001 |
| No | 9006 | (66.0) | 8.8 | (6.7) | ||
| Engaging in online communication (chat, video calling) | ||||||
| Yes | 8807 | (64.5) | 9.2 | (6.7) | 12.79 | < 0.001 |
| No | 4847 | (35.5) | 8.8 | (6.7) | ||
| Watching movies, serials, short films, etc. | ||||||
| Yes | 10,620 | (77.8) | 9.1 | (6.7) | 3.18 | 0.075 |
| No | 3034 | (22.2) | 8.9 | (6.8) | ||
| Studying | ||||||
| Yes | 7144 | (52.3) | 8.2 | (6.6) | 224.00 | < 0.001 |
| No | 6510 | (47.7) | 9.9 | (6.7) | ||
| Engaging in physical exercise | ||||||
| Yes | 6971 | (51.1) | 8.4 | (6.4) | 144.86 | < 0.001 |
| No | 6683 | (48.9) | 9.8 | (7.0) | ||
| Doing household chores | ||||||
| Yes | 10,481 | (76.8) | 8.8 | (6.6) | 60.22 | < 0.001 |
| No | 3173 | (23.2) | 9.9 | (6.9) | ||
| Spending time talking with family members | ||||||
| Yes | 12,114 | (88.7) | 8.8 | (6.6) | 128.91 | < 0.001 |
| No | 1540 | (11.3) | 10.9 | (7.1) | ||
| Suicidal behaviors | ||||||
| Suicide ideation | ||||||
| Yes | 1097 | (8.0) | 15.2 | (7.1) | 1082.00 | < 0.001 |
| No | 12,557 | (92.0) | 8.5 | (6.4) | ||
| Past suicidal thoughts | ||||||
| Yes | 1865 | (13.7) | 13.4 | (7.2) | 962.01 | < 0.001 |
| No | 11,789 | (86.3) | 8.4 | (6.4) | ||
| Suicidal attempt history | ||||||
| Yes | 1040 | (7.6) | 13.5 | (7.0) | 521.51 | < 0.001 |
| No | 12,614 | (92.4) | 8.7 | (6.6) | ||
| Family suicide history | ||||||
| Yes | 499 | (3.7) | 11.8 | (6.4) | 84.58 | < 0.001 |
| No | 13,155 | (96.3) | 9.0 | (6.7) | ||