Table 4.

Risks of mortality among Chinese herbal medicine users with chronic heart failure, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease under renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition therapy.

Disease in patients who received renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition blockers	CHMa nonusers		CHM users		aHRb,c	99% CI	P value
	Events, n	Subjects, n	Events, n	Subjects, n
Hypertension	18,310	78,935	1813	10,814	0.47	0.45-0.51	<.001
Chronic heart failure	3876	9369	269	977	0.43	0.37-0.51	<.001
Ischemic heart disease	6408	21,359	600	2967	0.46	0.41-0.51	<.001
Hypertension, chronic heart failure, or ischemic heart disease	19,225	82,110	1919	11,240	0.48	0.45-0.51	<.001

^aCHM: Chinese herbal medicine.

^baHR: adjusted hazard ratio.

^cThe aHR was calculated by a Cox regression model considering patient gender, age, comorbidities, medications, insured level, and geolocation. Inverse probability treatment weighting was estimated from the same covariates to relieve the accessible confounding bias between Chinese herbal medicine users and nonusers.