Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to serum vitamin E levels grouped by quintiles.
| Q1 (n = 429) <10.51 mg/L |
Q2 (n = 431) 10.51–12.58 mg/L |
Q3 (n = 429) 12.59–14.69 mg/L |
Q4 (n = 434) 14.70–17.80 mg/L |
Q5 (n = 431) ≥17.81 mg/L |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.5 ± 9.3 | 63.5 ± 9.4 | 63.2 ± 9.2 | 62.7 ± 8.4 | 62.0 ± 8.4 | 0.001 |
| Sex, women | 175 (40.8) | 207 (48.0) | 238 (55.5) | 259 (59.7) | 264 (61.3) | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 162.2 ± 8.3 | 161.5 ± 8.7 | 160.6 ± 8.8 | 160.4 ± 8.8 | 160.1 ± 8.5 | 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 63.7 ± 10.6 | 63.2 ± 10.8 | 62.2 ± 10.2 | 62.6 ± 10.6 | 62.2 ± 10.6 | 0.150 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.2 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 24.0 ± 3.0 | 24.2 ± 2.9 | 24.2 ± 3.1 | 0.923 |
| Low handgrip strength a | 245 (57.1) | 217 (50.3) | 205 (47.8) | 206 (47.5) | 188 (43.6) | 0.002 |
| High household income(8.8 USD) | 192 (44.8) | 216 (50.1) | 223 (52.0) | 237 (54.6) | 236 (54.8) | 0.020 |
| Educational status (≥high school) | 223 (52.0) | 228 (52.9) | 231 (53.8) | 236 (54.4) | 240 (55.7) | 0.847 |
| Regular alcohol consumption | 197 (45.9) | 201 (46.6) | 203 (47.3) | 203 (46.8) | 195 (45.2) | 0.978 |
| Current smoking | 85 (19.8) | 54 (12.5) | 67 (15.6) | 63 (14.5) | 59 (13.7) | 0.034 |
| Resistance exercise | 0.908 | |||||
| None | 322 (75.1) | 331 (76.8) | 338 (78.8) | 341 (78.6) | 334 (77.5) | |
| Intermittent | 51 (11.9) | 51 (11.8) | 40 (9.3) | 47 (10.8) | 47 (10.9) | |
| Regular | 56 (13.1) | 49 (11.4) | 51 (11.9) | 46 (10.6) | 50 (11.6) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 215 (50.1) | 207 (48.0) | 197 (45.9) | 197 (45.4) | 199 (46.2) | 0.625 |
| Diabetes | 111 (25.9) | 79 (18.3) | 78 (18.2) | 72 (16.6) | 82 (19.0) | 0.006 |
| Anemia | 53 (12.4) | 30 (7.0) | 31 (7.2) | 22 (5.1) | 17 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Nutrition | ||||||
| Total calorie intake, kcal/day | 1909.9 ± 796.6 | 1971.0 ± 782.7 | 1908.5 ± 813.5 | 1834.1 ± 812.4 | 1861.6 ± 812.4 | 0.119 |
| Total protein intake, g/day | 63.9 ± 32.9 | 67.7 ± 32.8 | 65.2 ± 32.9 | 63.7 ± 32.9 | 65.8 ± 34.9 | 0.410 |
| Use of dietary supplements | 197 (45.9) | 210 (48.7) | 239 (55.7) | 259 (59.7) | 292 (67.7) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 106.4 ± 22.4 | 104.4 ± 23.2 | 105.7 ± 32.2 | 105.4 ± 24.2 | 107.6 ± 30.5 | 0.505 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 164.4 ± 33.5 | 183.9 ± 30.4 | 196.8 ± 34.1 | 207.4 ± 34.3 | 219.6 ± 42.2 | <0.001 |
| hsCRP, g/dL | 0.60 [0.40, 1.19] | 0.53 [0.36, 1.08] | 0.60 [0.39, 1.15] | 0.60 [0.40, 1.07] | 0.68 [0.43, 1.23] | 0.006 |
Results are expressed as number of participants (column percentage) for categorical variables and as average ± standard deviation or as median [interquartile range] for continuous variables. a Lower HGS than the sex-specific median values, <38.3 kg for men and <22.8 kg for women, respectively. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein.