Table 2.

Summary of the clinical, surrogate, and process outcomes considered in each study.

Study	Clinical outcomes	Surrogate outcome categoriesa	Process outcome categoriesa	Quality rating (%)
				Quantitative measure	Qualitative measure
Beuchat et al, 2005 [22]	N/Ab	+ Decreased missed vital sign changes + Reduced time to detect vital sign changes	+ Changed patterns of gaze behavior + Increased time focused on patient	58	—c
Block et al, 1995 [29]	N/Md	N/M	+ Clinician opinions	25	—
Drake-Brockman et al, 2016 [30]	N/M	N/M	+ Clinician opinions	83	—
Iqbal et al, 2016 [23]	N/A	+ Reduced time to detect vital sign changes	= Changed time to do other tasks + Clinician opinions	63	—
Liebert et al, 2016 [24]	N/A	= Earlier identification of deterioration	+ Changed patterns of gaze behavior + Increased time focused on patient	92	—
Liu et al, 2009 [20] and Liu et al, 2010 [21]e	N/M	N/M	+= Changed patterns of gaze behavior + Increased time focused on patient = Clinician opinions	88	—
Liu et al, 2009 [19]: experiment 1	N/A	= Increased unexpected events detected = Reduced time to detect unexpected events	+ Changed patterns of gaze behavior + Increased time focused on patient = Clinician opinions	75	—
Liu et al, 2009 [19]: experiment 2	N/A	+= Increased unexpected events detected += Reduced time to detect unexpected events	+ Changed patterns of gaze behavior + Increased time focused on patient + Clinician opinions	75	—
Ormerod et al, 2002 [25]	N/A	N/M	+ Changed patterns of gaze behavior + Increased time focused on patient + Changed time to do other tasks + Clinician opinions	29	—
Sanderson et al, 2008 [26]	N/A	= Increased unexpected events detected = Reduced time to detect unexpected events	+ Clinician opinions	83	—
Schaer et al, 2015 [27]	N/A	N/M	+ Clinician opinions	71	—
Schlosser et al, 2019 [28]	N/M	+ Increased alarms detected = Reduced time to detect alarms	+− Clinician opinions	92	75
Via et al, 2002 [31]	N/M	N/M	+ Clinician opinions	59	—
Vorraber et al, 2014 [32]	N/M	N/M	+ Changed patterns of gaze behavior + Clinician opinions	—	30
Yoshida et al, 2014 [33]	N/M	N/M	+ Clinician opinions	—	39

^a“+” represents the positive effect of head-worn display; “−” represents the negative effect of head-worn display; “=” represents no difference between head-worn display and other conditions. If a study used more than one measure for an outcome, multiple symbols are shown.

^bN/A: not applicable.

^cNot relevant to this study.

^dN/M: not measured.

^eLiu et al’s clinical study outcomes were reported over 2 papers; treatment here integrates findings from both studies [20,21].