Table 2.
Characteristics of participants who showed larger or smaller changes in cardiovascular risk (n=40)
| Characteristic |
Reduction in CIMT |
Increase in FMD |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥10% (n = 28) | <10% (n = 12) | ≥2-fold (n = 25) | <2-fold (n = 15) | |
| Age (years) | 41.0 (29.7, 45.5)* | 48.5 (41.3, 53.2) | 42.0 (35.7, 54.2) | 47.0 (41.0, 53.0) |
| Men | 6.0 (21.4) | 4.0 (33.3) | 7.0 (28.0) | 4.0 (26.7) |
| Body mass (kg) | 125.0 (114.5, 136.6) | 123.0 (106.0, 144.0) | 125.5 (109.0, 142.5) | 123.0 (117.0, 140.0) |
| Height (cm) | 166.5 (160.0, 176.3) | 161.0 (155.5, 168.5) | 163.5 (158.5, 170.3) | 161.0 (155.5, 169.0) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 43.5 (38.8, 49.3) | 45.1 (41.3, 52.4) | 44.4 (40.8, 48.1) | 47.6 (41.4, 52.2) |
| SAD (cm) | 133.0 (124.5, 137.5) | 132.5 (122.0, 144.6) | 133.0 (121.5, 137.5) | 135.0 (124.5, 146.5) |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| HBP | 13 (46.4) | 5 (41.7) | 10 (40.0) | 7 (46.6) |
| HBP + t2DM | 4 (14.3) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (12.0) | 4 (26.6) |
| HBP + Dyslip + t2DM | 3 (10.7) | 1 (8.3) | 3 (12.0) | 1 (6.7) |
| Dyslip | 1 (3.6) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (6.7) |
| t2DM | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) |
| None | 6 (21.4) | 3 (25.0) | 8 (32.0) | 1 (6.7) |
| Metabolic Phenotype | ||||
| MHO | 10 (35.7) | 4 (33.3) | 10 (40.0) | 6 (40.0) |
| MUO | 18 (64.3) | 8 (66.7) | 15 (60.0) | 9 (60.0) |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.91 (5.22, 6.46) | 5.53 (5.15, 6.07) | 5.44 (4.94, 6.44) | 5.61 (5.25, 6.05) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.39 (0.87, 1.91) | 1.32 (0.96, 2.17) | 1.27 (0.93, 1.64)* | 1.79 (1.01, 2.62) |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.90 (3.96, 5.31) | 4.46 (3.57, 5.11) | 4.45 (3.60, 5.10) | 4.90 (4.23, 5.45) |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.32) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.36) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.28) |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.09 (2.28, 3.59) | 2.65 (2.25, 3.34) | 2.71 (2.26, 3.41) | 2.81 (2.32, 3.40) |
| AST (U/L) | 25.5 (19.8, 32.0) | 28.5 (23.0, 36.5) | 30.0 (23.0, 40.0) | 26.5 (20.0, 29.0) |
| ALT (U/L) | 25.0 (21.5, 47.0) | 34.5 (24.0, 49.0) | 42.0 (21.0, 61.0)* | 26.5 (22.5, 39.0) |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 26.4 (13.2, 43.6) | 24.8 (21.2, 39.1) | 26.4 (18.4, 40.5) | 23.9 (18.5, 37.4) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.6) | 5.9 (5.6, 6.5) | 5.9 (5.4, 6.5) | 5.9 (5.7, 6.2) |
| Risk factor for atherosclerosis | ||||
| CIMT | ||||
| Pre-surgery | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0)* | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | – | – |
| Post-surgery | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7)* | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | – | – |
| % age reduction | 33.7 (20.9, 64.6)* | −18.3 (−30.3, −6.48) | – | – |
| FMD | ||||
| Pre-surgery | – | – | 8.0 (4.2, 14.3)* | −3.7 (−17.6, 3.0) |
| Post-surgery | – | – | 34.6 (23.2, 40.0)* | 13.7 (4.0, 27.0) |
| % age increase | – | – | 243.6 (112.0, 587.5)* | −207.4 (−1,354.0, −60.1) |
Categorical data are shown as n (%) and continuous data as median (IQR).
CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; BMI, body mass index; SAD, sagittal abdominal diameter; HBP, high blood pressure; t2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Dyslip, dyslipidaemia; MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; FMD, flow-mediated dilation. * p<0.05, two-tailed t-test.