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. 2021 May 24;58:00469580211017992. doi: 10.1177/00469580211017992

Table 1.

Summary of Challenges and AI Solutions Identified, with Connections Indicated.

Challenges identified Information quality Information amount
(a) Untimely information (b) Irrelevant information (c) Confusing information (d) Missing information (e) Information overload (f) Information multiplicity
Information is outdated or not yet relevant Information is not relevant at all or only to a group of users Information misplaced or insufficiently structured Relevant information has not been provided There is more information than users can process There are multiple versions of the information
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Potential AI solutions (i) Identify and verify low-quality information (ii) Targeted information for different user groups (iii) Visually summarize relevant information (iv) Jointly present multiple versions
Identify outdated, irrelevant, confusing or missing information using AI, visualize it to users, and recommend information creators to amend, move, or verify low-quality information Identify the varying informational needs of different user groups and intelligently adapt the ordering, selection, and presentation of the information to the identified varied needs Select a certain number of most relevant topics, fully-automatically identify those parts of the information that contribute most to these topics, and visualize them to the users Compute the differences between multiple concomitant versions, evaluate them in relation to significance, and present them in reverse-chronological order to the users
Required data Unlabeled NCPs and HDSs, preferably with only high-quality reports having been selected by care professionals NCPs and HDSs where each section is labeled with its relevance, manually labeled by care professionals Excerpts from NCPs and HDSs relevant to the topics selected and manually labeled by care professionals Semantic text similarity scores for pairs of texts, reusing existing clinical data sets extracted from electronic health records