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. 2021 May 11;10(5):1170. doi: 10.3390/cells10051170

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of Immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. (A) MDSCs activate immunosuppressive cells such as Tregs via IL-10 secretion. These cells can dampen antigen presentation capabilities by dendritic cells, which leads to reduced T-cell activation. (B) MSDCs can induce the upregulation of checkpoint molecules such as CTLA4 and PD1 on T-cells, further inducing T-cell anergy, or Fas that can induce T-cell apoptosis. (C) Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment can induce the upregulation of CD73 and CD39 that increases adenosine. (D) MDSCs produce ROS and RNS that can decrease T-cell proliferation and alter antigen recognition capabilities. CD8+ T-cells and induced the formation of ROS.