Table 2.
Main microorganisms isolated in patients with COVID-19 and VAP. The table shows the number of isolates containing E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Enterobater spp., and E. coli in patients with COVID-19 and VAP per each included study, if available. The microorganisms are sorted by families. Data are shown as numbers and percentages. All the percentages are calculated on the total number of isolates, when available. When data on these individual microorganisms were not available, we reported them as grouped by the authors.
| Authors (Year) [REF] | Microorganisms n Isolates (%) |
Antimicrobial Resistance n Isolates (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Bardi et al. (2021) [16] |
Enterobacteriaceae E. cloacae, 1 (5%) Gram-positive S. aureus, 5 (24%) Non-fermenting Gram-negative A. baumannii, 1 (5%) P. aeruginosa, 8 (38%) |
MDR bacteria, 10 (48%) MRSA, 5 (24%) |
| Blonz et al. (2021) [15] |
Enterobacteriaceae, 102 (49%) E. cloacae, 10 E. coli, 26 K. pneumoniae, 16 Gram-positive E. faecium, 1 (0.5%) S. aureus, 28 (14%) Non-fermenting Gram-negative A. baumannii, 4 (2%) P. aeruginosa, 31 (15%) |
MRSA, 3 (1.4%) |
| Garcia-Vidal et al. (2020) [33] |
Enterobacteriaceae K. pneumoniae 1 Non-fermenting Gram-negative P. aeruginosa 3 Gram-positive S. aureus 4 |
NA |
| Giacobbe et al. (2021) [9] |
Enterobacteriaceae E. coli, 2 (3%) E. aerogenes, 7 (9%) K. pneumoniae, 15 (19%) Gram-positive S. aureus, 18 (23%) Non-fermenting Gram-negative Acinetobacter spp., 9 (12%) P. aeruginosa, 27 (35%) |
MRSA, 8 (10%) Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, 25 (32%) |
| Grasselli et al. (2021) [32] |
Gram-negative 249 (64%) P. aeruginosa, 85 Enterobacterales (other) 53 Klebsiella spp., 43 E. coli, 31 A. baumanii, 6 Gram-positive 140 (36%) Staphylococcus aureus, 110 Enterococcus spp., 21 |
NA |
| Llitjos et al. (2021) [22] |
Enterobacteriaceae, 50 (NA) Non-fermenting Gram-negative, 20 (NA) Gram-positive cocci, 28 (NA) Polymicrobial, 24 (NA) |
NA |
| Luyt et al. * (2020) [21] |
Enterobacteriaceae, 30 (70%) E. cloacae, 3 Gram-positive S. aureus, 3 (7%) Non-fermenting Gram-negative, 18 (42%) P. aeruginosa, 16 |
Inducible AmpC Enterobacteriaceae, 17 (40%) ESBL-PE, 2 (5%) MRSA, 2 (5%) |
| Maes et al. (2021) [28] |
Enterobacteriaceae E. coli, 2 (NA) K. pneumoniae, 3 (NA) Gram-positive S. aureus, 2 (NA) Non-fermenting Gram-negative P. aeruginosa, 3 (NA) |
NA |
| Moretti et al. (2021) [31] |
Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter spp., NA (11%) K. pneumoniae, NA (26%) Gram-positive S. aureus, NA (7%) Non-fermenting Gram-negative P. aeruginosa, NA (18%) |
MDR, 67% XDR, 1 (5%) |
| Pedersen et al. [29] |
Enterobacteriaceae E. cloacae 1 (100%) |
|
| Razazi et al. (2020) * [19] |
Enterobacteriaceae, 42 (72%) Enterobacter spp., 23 E. coli, 10 K. pneumoniae, 4 Non-fermenting Gram-negative, 24 (41%) Acinetobacter spp., 1 Pseudomonas spp., 16 Gram-positive, 4 (3%) S. aureus 2 |
MDR VAP, 21 (23%) ESBL-PE, 18 (20%) CRE, 3 (3%) MRSA plus ESBL-PE, 1 (1%) |
| Rouzè et al. (2021) # [17] |
Gram-negative bacilli, 240 (83.6%) Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter spp., 54 E. coli, 24 Klebsiella spp., 33 Non-fermenting Gram-negative A. baumannii, 2 P. aeruginosa, 64 Gram-positive cocci, 56 (19.5%) Enterococcus spp., 9 S. aureus, 35 |
Multidrug-resistant isolates, 67 (23%) MRSA, 8 (3%) |
| Sharov et al. (2020) [24] (data from the private scientific correspondence with Dr. K.S. Sharov and Dr. A.S. Gorenintseva from the Russian Academy of Sciences) |
Enterobacteriaceae K. pneumoniae, 5 (8%) Gram-positive S. aureus, 8 (13%) |
NA |
| Søgaard et al. (2021) [25] |
Enterobacteriaceae E. coli, 1 (20%) Non-fermenting Gram-negative A. baumannii, 1 (20%) |
MDR, 1 (20%) |
| Suarez de la Rica et al. (2021) [30] |
Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter spp., 1 (2.8%) E. coli, 4 (11.4%) Klebsiella spp., 9 (26%) Non-fermenting Gram-negative P. aeruginosa, 11 (31%) Gram-positive S. aureus, 8 (23%) |
NA |
* Data regards only the first VAP episode. # Data provided on the cohort of LRTI, including VAP. CRE, carbapeneme-resistant enterobacteriacae; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; ESBL-PE, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriacae; MDR, multidrug resistant; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; NA, not available; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; XDR, extensively drug resistant.