Table 4.
Bioelectrical impedance references for athletes.
| Authors | Population | Sample Size | Competitive Period | Technology and Sampling Frequency | R/H | Xc/H | Phase Angle |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micheli et al. (2014) [34] | Male adult elite soccer players | 219 | first half of the in-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 252.1 ± 23.1 | 33.7 ± 3.6 | 7.7 ± 0.6 |
| Koury et al. (2014) [35] | General male adolescents | 195 | N/A | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 302.0 ± 71.0 | 36.1 ± 6.7 | 6.9 ± 0.9 |
| Koury et al. (2014) [35] | General adult | 90 | N/A | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 252.4 ± 33.8 | 35.4 ± 4.9 | 8.0 ± 0.7 |
| Campa and Toselli (2018) [32] | Male adult elite volleyball players | 75 | Second half of the in-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 232.1 ± 24.1 | 31.5 ± 4.3 | 7.7 ± 0.7 |
| Giorgi et al. (2018) [33] | Male adult elite ciclysts | 79 | N/A | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 284.5 ± 31.4 | 34.9 ± 4.1 | 7.0 ± 0.7 |
| Campa et al. (2019) [31] | General male adult endurance athletes | 165 | Off-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 267.2 ± 28.0 | 35.5 ± 4.7 | 7.6 ± 0.8 |
| Campa et al. (2019) [31] | General male adult team sports athletes | 576 | Off-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 246.2 ± 32.3 | 32.9 ± 4.8 | 7.6 ± 0.8 |
| Campa et al. (2019) [31] | General male velocity/power athletes | 375 | Off-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 253.3 ± 32.4 | 34.2 ± 5.5 | 7.7 ± 0.8 |
| Campa et al. (2019) [31] | General female adult endurance athletes | 76 | Off-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 337.5 ± 42.9 | 40.1 ± 5.5 | 6.8 ± 0.8 |
| Campa et al. (2019) [31] | General female adult team sports athletes | 187 | Off-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 305.6 ± 37.6 | 36.3 ± 5.3 | 6.8 ± 0.8 |
| Campa et al. (2019) [31] | General female velocity/power athletes | 177 | Off-season period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 321.0 ± 46.9 | 38.0 ± 7.4 | 7.0 ± 0.8 |
| Toselli et al. (2020) [36] | Youth elite soccer players | 178 | first part of the preparation period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 382.1 ± 81.6 | 41.3 ± 7.8 | 6.4 ± 0.8 |
| Bongiovanni et al. (2020) [30] | Male adult elite soccer players | 131 | End of the preparation period | Foot-to hand at 50 kHz | 281.1 ± 20.3 | 34.6 ± 3.3 | 8.0 ± 0.5 |
Note: Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. R/H: resistance adjusted for height; Xc/H: reactance adjusted for height.