Table 1.
Sample characteristics n (%).
| G1 | G2 | G3 | F or χ2 | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 1.08 | 0.584 | |||
| Male | 678 (54.9) | 257 (55.0) | 137 (51.5) | ||
| Female | 558 (45.2) | 210 (45.0) | 129 (48.5) | ||
| Age, mean(SD) | 13.1 (1.2) | 13.2 (1.2) | 13.0 (1.2) | 4.25 | 0.014 |
| Grade | 7.76 | 0.021 | |||
| Grade 5 to 6 | 538 (43.0) | 184 (38.9) | 132 (49.4) | ||
| Grade 7 to 8 | 712 (57.0) | 289 (61.1) | 135 (50.6) | ||
| Perceived income level compared to community | 5.94 | 0.204 | |||
| Much better off /better off | 317 (25.6) | 120 (25.7) | 85 (32.0) | ||
| The same | 818 (65.9) | 306 (65.5) | 165 (62.0) | ||
| Poorer/much poorer | 106 (8.5) | 41 (8.8) | 16(6.0) | ||
| Any siblings | 3.69 | 0.158 | |||
| Yes | 820 (65.6) | 314 (66.4) | 192 (71.6) | ||
| No | 431 (34.5) | 159 (33.6) | 76 (28.4) | ||
| Mother education level | 3.11 | 0.045 | |||
| Primary school and below | 424 (33.9) | 184 (38.9) | 93 (34.7) | ||
| Secondary school | 548 (43.8) | 191 (40.4) | 98 (36.6) | ||
| Senior high school and above | 104 (8.3) | 44 (9.3) | 39 (14.6) | ||
| Unknown | 175 (14.0) | 54 (11.4) | 38 (14.2) | ||
| Father education level | 5.23 | 0.005 | |||
| Primary school and below | 288 (23.0) | 130 (27.5) | 56 (20.9) | ||
| Secondary school | 677 (54.1) | 226 (47.8) | 115 (42.9) | ||
| Senior high school and above | 134 (10.7) | 65 (13.8) | 61 (22.8) | ||
| Unknown | 152 (12.2) | 52 (11.0) | 36 (13.4) |
Note: G1 (currently left-behind children); G2 (previously left-behind children); G3 (never left-behind children).