Table 2.

Summary of the studies using food-based therapies in children with CD.

First Author	Study Design	Population	Intervention (Duration)	Control Group	Key Findings
Sigall-Boneh [183]	R	47 children and young adult pts with active CD	CDED + PEN (12 weeks, n = 40) CDED weeks, n = 7)	N/A	Clinical remission achieved in 24/34 children and 9/13 adults at wk 6 and maintained in 27/33 patients at week 12; Significant fall in clinical disease activity and inflammatory markers.
Sigall-Boneh [187]	R	21 children and young adult pts with treatment-refractory CD	CDED + PEN (12 weeks, n = 12) CDED (12 weeks, n = 4) Mod. EEN + CDED (2 + 12 weeks, n = 5)	N/A	13/21 pts refractory to biologic treatment achieved clinical remission; 9/17 of patients failing double biologic therapy achieved clinical remission; Significant decrease in serum markers of inflammation.
Levine [32]	P/RCT	40 pts with mild-to-moderate CD	CDED + PEN (12 weeks)	34 pts with mild-to-moderate CD treated with EEN	CDED+PEN was equally as effective as EEN in inducing remission at week 6; CDED+PEN was superior to EEN in maintaining remission at week 12; CDED+PEN was able to induce rapid remission (3 weeks);
Svolos [33]	OL	5 pts with active CD (PCDAI ≥ 12.5)	CD-TREAT (8 weeks)	N/A	CD-TREAT was able to induce clinical response in 80% and remission in 60% of patients; 80% of pts showed decrease in fecal calprotectin

P: prospective; R: retrospective; O: observational; RCT: randomized controlled trial.