Skip to main content
. 2021 May 11;10(5):761. doi: 10.3390/antiox10050761

Figure 5.

Figure 5

α-Humulene inhibits inflammation-related factors in PMA-stimulated HMC-1 cells. (a) mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokine genes interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6. HMC-1 cells were pretreated in the absence or presence of α-humulene (α-Hm) for 4 h and incubated with PMA (20 ng/ml) for 1 h. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as the internal control. (b) Nuclear and cytosolic protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (I-κB). (c) Immunofluorescence staining of NF-κB in HMC-1 cells. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (blue) and NF-κB was detected with anti-NF-κB antibody (green). All images are 40× magnification. (d) Transcriptional activity of NF-κB using luciferase reporter systems. (e) Effect of α-humulene on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The intensity of CellROX signal (a cell permeable fluorescent reagent for detecting oxidative stress, green) correlated with the amount of ROS. + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.