Table 5.
Effects of LPHF, HPHF, and/or training on WAT gene expression.
| Gene | Con Groups | LPHF Groups | HPHF Groups | Significance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | Con+T | LPHF | LPHF+T | HPHF | HPHF+T | Training | Feed | Interaction | |
|
Adiponectin (Anti-inflammation) |
1.00 ± 0.46 | 1.01 ± 0.29 | 0.79 ± 0.32 | 0.69 ± 0.42 | 0.43 ± 0.13 | 0.79 ± 0.37 | n.s. | * | n.s. |
|
Atgl (Fatty acid mobilization) |
1.00 ± 0.40 | 0.95 ± 0.43 | 0.77 ± 0.43 | 0.31 ± 0.18 | 0.35 ± 0.17 | 0.27 ± 0.10 | n.s. | *** | n.s. |
|
Cd36 (Fatty acid transportation) |
1.00 ± 0.36 | 0.90 ± 0.29 | 0.87 ± 0.28 | 0.72 ± 0.38 | 0.62 ± 0.27 | 0.71 ± 0.37 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
F480 (Inflammation) |
1.00 ± 0.30 e | 0.91 ± 0.20 e | 0.96 ± 0.13 e | 0.90 ± 0.61 e | 3.91 ± 1.84 abcdf | 0.99 ± 0.36 e | *** | *** | *** |
|
Il-6 (Inflammation) |
1.00 ± 0.51 | 0.53 ± 0.19 | 0.36 ± 0.11 | 0.45 ± 0.32 | 0.64 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.86 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Klotho (FGF21 receptor) |
1.00 ± 0.34 | 1.05 ± 0.50 | 1.23 ± 0.63 | 1.49 ± 0.68 | 0.50 ± 0.17 | 0.68 ± 0.31 | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
|
Leptin (Energy metabolism) |
1.00 ± 0.61 | 0.56 ± 0.39 | 0.55 ± 0.28 | 0.58 ± 0.36 | 1.89 ± 0.92 | 1.38 ± 0.66 | n.s. | *** | n.s. |
|
Prdm16 (Browning of WAT) |
1.00 ± 0.29 | 0.88 ± 0.22 | 0.64 ± 0.30 | 0.54 ± 0.25 | 0.53 ± 0.11 | 1.08 ± 0.82 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Pgc1α (Browning of WAT) |
1.00 ± 0.67 | 1.27 ± 0.68 | 1.20 ± 0.30 | 0.81 ± 0.46 | 0.29 ± 0.19 | 0.60 ± 0.28 | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
|
Pparγ (Browning of WAT) |
1.00 ± 0.51 | 1.23 ± 0.54 | 1.07 ± 0.48 | 0.84 ± 0.48 | 0.68 ± 0.23 | 1.02 ± 0.46 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Ucp1 (Thermogenesis) |
1.00 ± 0.83 d | 0.27 ± 0.14 d | 2.94 ± 1.46 d | 10.70 ± 9.16 abcef | 0.76 ± 0.15d | 1.06 ± 1.44 d | n.s. | *** | * |
|
Cidea (Thermogenesis) |
1.00 ± 0.30 | 0.81 ± 0.25 | 1.32 ± 1.49 | 1.95 ± 3.09 | 0.32 ± 0.16 | 0.34 ± 0.18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Pparα (Browning of WAT) |
1.00 ± 0.66 | 0.75 ± 0.13 | 0.79 ± 0.39 | 0.62 ± 0.31 | 0.37 ± 0.17 | 0.68 ± 0.48 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
WAT, white adipose tissue. Data (fold changes) are presented as the mean ± SD. n = 4–8 for each group. Con, Con+T, LPHF, LPHF+T, HPHF, and HPHF+T represent chow diet, chow diet plus training, low-protein high-fat diet, low-protein high-fat diet plus training, high-protein high-fat diet, and high-protein high-fat diet plus training, respectively. Feed, training, and interaction indicate a dominant effect of diet, treadmill exercise, and the interactive effect between feed and training, respectively. n.s., no significance was observed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Significance in the differences between means was determined by Tukey’s post hoc test when ANOVA revealed a significant effect from the interaction of diet and training. a–f Significantly different from the Con, Con+T, LPHF, LPHF+T, HPHF, and HPHF+T groups, respectively.