Table 7.
Effects of LPHF, HPHF, and/or training on gastrocnemius muscle gene expression.
| Gene | Con Groups | LPHF Groups | HPHF Groups | Significance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | Con+T | LPHF | LPHF+T | HPHF | HPHF+T | Training | Feed | Interaction | |
|
Acat1 (Ketone body metabolism) |
1.00 ± 0.47 | 1.05 ± 0.44 | 1.05 ± 0.44 | 0.67 ± 0.33 | 1.00 ± 0.31 | 1.04 ± 0.50 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Cd36 (Fatty acid transportation) |
1.00 ± 0.28 | 0.99 ± 0.29 | 0.65 ± 0.15 | 0.83 ± 0.37 | 0.95 ± 0.37 | 1.40 ± 0.82 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Cox4 (Mitochondrial respiration) |
1.00 ± 0.30 | 0.97 ± 0.28 | 0.68 ± 0.26 | 0.66 ± 0.27 | 0.87 ± 0.39 | 1.26 ± 0.59 | n.s. | * | n.s. |
|
Cs (Mitochondrial respiration) |
1.00 ± 0.23 | 1.20 ± 0.43 | 0.75 ± 0.38 | 0.76 ± 0.33 | 0.94 ± 0.42 | 1.33 ± 0.70 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Cytochrome c (Mitochondrial respiration) |
1.00 ± 0.28 | 1.13 ± 0.44 | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 0.74 ± 0.29 | 1.13 ± 0.85 | 1.44 ± 0.69 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Gp (Glycogen phosphatase) |
1.00 ± 0.25 | 1.21 ± 0.69 | 1.28 ± 0.34 | 0.31 ± 0.14 | 0.83 ± 0.32 | 1.13 ± 0.80 | n.s. | n.s. | * |
|
Gs (Glycogen synthase) |
1.00 ± 0.40 | 0.84 ± 0.40 | 1.03 ± 0.37 | 0.98 ± 0.51 | 0.44 ± 0.16 | 0.79 ± 0.62 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Hadh (Fatty acid oxidation) |
1.00 ± 0.27 | 0.96 ± 0.37 | 0.80 ± 0.41 | 0.64 ± 0.22 | 1.16 ± 0.64 | 1.28 ± 0.56 | n.s. | * | n.s. |
|
Hbdh (Ketone body metabolism) |
1.00 ± 0.45 | 0.95 ± 0.44 | 0.44 ± 0.30 | 0.62 ± 0.33 | 1.04 ± 0.48 | 1.53 ± 0.67 | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
|
Mct1 (Ketone body transportation) |
1.00 ± 0.22 | 0.93 ± 0.43 | 0.98 ± 0.54 | 0.62 ± 0.22 | 1.83 ± 0.94 | 1.53 ± 0.54 | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
|
Oxct1 (Ketone body metabolism) |
1.00 ± 1.10 | 0.53 ± 0.30 | 0.33 ± 0.30 | 0.37 ± 0.31 | 0.61 ± 0.27 | 0.57 ± 0.24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Sirt1 (Mitochondrial respiration) |
1.00 ± 0.39 | 0.79 ± 0.18 | 1.11 ± 0.30 | 0.82 ± 0.28 | 0.78 ± 0.20 | 0.63 ± 0.09 | * | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Tfam (Mitochondrial respiration) |
1.00 ± 0.26 | 1.09 ± 0.42 | 0.96 ± 0.34 | 0.70 ± 0.22 | 1.18 ± 0.39 | 1.33 ± 0.69 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Pparγ (Glucose metabolism) |
1.00 ± 0.25 | 1.11 ± 0.51 | 1.31 ± 1.13 | 0.76 ± 0.31 | 1.36 ± 0.66 | 1.35 ± 0.70 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Data (fold changes) are presented as the mean ± SD. n = 4–8 for each group. Con, Con+T, LPHF, LPHF+T, HPHF, and HPHF+T represent chow diet, chow diet plus training, low-protein high-fat diet, low-protein high-fat diet plus training, high-protein high-fat diet, and high-protein high-fat diet plus training, respectively. Feed, training, and interaction indicate a dominant effect of diet, treadmill exercise, and the interactive effect between feed and training, respectively. n.s., no significance was observed. * p < 0.05, and ** p < 0.01. Significance of differences between means was determined by Tukey’s post hoc test when ANOVA revealed a significant effect from interaction of diet and training.