Table 9.
Effects of LPHF, HPHF, and/or training on liver gene expression.
| Gene | Con Groups | LPHF Groups | HPHF Groups | Significance | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Con | Con+T | LPHF | LPHF+T | HPHF | HPHF+T | Training | Feed | Interaction | |
|
F480 (Inflammation) |
1.00 ± 0.26 | 0.95 ± 0.23 | 1.30 ± 0.76 | 0.72 ± 0.35 | 0.79 ± 0.29 | 0.72 ± 0.19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Hmgcs2 (Ketogenesis) |
1.00 ± 0.56 | 0.65 ± 0.59 | 3.71 ± 2.30 | 2.73 ± 0.78 | 1.33 ± 0.99 | 1.26 ± 0.50 | n.s. | *** | n.s. |
|
Il-6 (Inflammation) |
1.00 ± 0.57 | 0.70 ± 0.22 | 2.32 ± 3.37 | 0.31 ± 0.19 | 0.65 ± 0.41 | 0.92 ± 1.18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Pparγ (Glucose metabolism) |
1.00 ± 0.44 | 0.55 ± 0.13 | 1.10 ± 0.45 | 0.98 ± 0.26 | 1.06 ± 0.45 | 1.34 ± 0.60 | n.s. | * | n.s. |
|
Cxcl2 (Inflammation) |
1.00 ± 0.47 | 1.07 ± 1.08 | 0.55 ± 0.32 | 0.42 ± 0.31 | 0.51 ± 0.52 | 1.12 ± 0.92 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
|
Atgl (Fatty acid mobilization) |
1.00 ± 0.41 | 0.89 ± 0.60 | 0.81 ± 0.48 | 0.32 ± 0.15 | 0.34 ± 0.17 | 0.46 ± 0.34 | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
|
Fgf21 (Energy metabolism) |
1.00 ± 1.11 | 0.57 ± 0.70 | 5.06 ± 3.88 | 3.75 ± 3.43 | 0.65 ± 0.33 | 1.15 ± 0.97 | n.s. | *** | n.s. |
|
Klotho (FGF21 receptor) |
1.00 ± 0.17 | 0.86 ± 0.24 | 0.85 ± 0.20 | 0.86 ± 0.30 | 0.60 ± 0.16 | 0.70 ± 0.18 | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
|
Pparα (Fatty acid oxidation) |
1.00 ± 0.42 | 0.55 ± 0.27 | 0.32 ± 0.16 | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.38 | 0.89 ± 0.69 | n.s. | *** | n.s. |
|
Pgc1α (Fatty acid mobilization) |
1.00 ± 0.22 | 1.65 ± 1.26 | 0.66 ± 0.22 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 0.36 ± 0.09 | 0.58 ± 0.74 | n.s. | *** | n.s. |
Data (fold changes) are presented as the mean ± SD. n = 4–8 for each group. Con, Con+T, LPHF, LPHF+T, HPHF, and HPHF+T represent chow diet, chow diet plus training, low-protein high-fat diet, low-protein high-fat diet plus training, high-protein high-fat diet, and high-protein high-fat diet plus training, respectively. Feed, training, and interaction indicate a dominant effect of diet, treadmill exercise, and the interactive effect between feed and training, respectively. n.s., no significance was observed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.