Table 1.

Summary of recent research progress made with various formulations of coenzyme-Q_10.

	Neurodegenerative Disease	Model	Effective Dose	Mode of Administration	Major Outcomes	Reference
Oil-Soluble CoQ10	Alzheimer’s Disease	In-Vivo (Mice)	10 g/kg diet	Oral	- Protection against neurotoxicity & oxidative stress - Mitochondrial stabilization - Reduced Aβ plaques - Improved cognitive performance	Wadsworth 2008 [30]
		In-Vitro	6.25 µM	Media Supplementation		Wadsworth 2008 [30]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	0.4% or 2.4%	Oral		Dumont 2011 [35]
		In-Vitro	10 µM	Media Supplementation		Sadli 2013 [33]
	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)	In-Vivo (Rats & Mice)	200 mg/kg/ day	Oral	- Anti-oxidative effects - Preserved mitochondrial function - Increased lifespan	Matthews 1998 [39]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	200 mg/kg/day (no effect)	Oral (Gavage)		Lucchetti 2013 [44]
	Frontotemporal Dementia	In-Vivo (Mice)	0.5% of Diet	Oral	- Improved behaviour & survival	Elipenahli 2012 [50]
	Huntington’s Disease	In-Vivo (Rats)	200 mg/kg/day	Oral	- Improved motor performance & survival - Delayed weight loss - Prevented striatal neuron intranuclear inclusion formation - Slowed striatal neuron atrophy - Reduced HTT aggregate formation - Reduced oxidative damage	Matthews 1998 [39]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	400 mg/kg/day	Oral		Ferrante 2002 [40]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	0.2% of Diet	Oral		Stack 2006 [41]
		In-Vivo (Mice, Rats)	1600–2000 mg/kg/day	Oral		Yang 2009 [24]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	0.2% of Diet	Oral		Hickey 2012 [43]
	Machado-Joseph Disease	In-Vitro	10 µM, 30 µM, 90 µM	Media Supplementation	- Improved cell viability & reduced apoptosis - Prevented ATX3 protein aggregation	Lopes-Ramos 2016 [51]
	Multiple-System Atrophy	In-Vitro	25 µM	Media Supplementation	- Improved oxidative metabolism - Reduced apoptosis	Nakamoto 2018 [53]
	Parkinson’s Disease	In-Vivo (Mice)	200 mg/kg/day	Oral	- Dopaminergic neurons saved in striatum and SNpc - Clearance of α-synuclein aggregates - Limited oxidative damage - Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines	Beal 1998 [21]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	200–1600 mg/kg/day	Oral		Cleren 2008 [22]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	1% of Diet	Oral		Yang 2009 [24]
		In-Vivo (Drosophila)	100 mg/mL (no effect)	Oral		Faust 2009 [25]
		In-Vivo (Rats)	25 µg/mL	Intrastriatal Injection		Park 2020 [27]
Ubisol-Q10	Alzheimer’s Disease	In-Vitro	50 µg/mL	Media Supplementation	- Inhibited oxidative stress - Upregulated autophagy - Maintained MMP - Reduced cell cycle arrest protein expression - Prevented SIPS onset - Inhibited apoptosis - Improved memory - Reduced hippocampal neurodegeneration - Cleared Aβ plaques - Increased astrocyte activity - Reduced microglial activity	Ma 2014 [57]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	6 mg/kg/day	Oral		Muthukumaran 2018 [58]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	50 µg/mL	Oral		Vegh 2019 [59]
		In-Vitro	50 µg/mL	Media Supplementation		Vegh 2019 [59]
	Parkinson’s Disease	In-Vivo (Rats)	50 µg/mL	Oral	- Reduced oxidative stress - Maintained ATP generation - Stabilized mitochondrial membrane - Prevented loss of dopaminergic neurons - Activated pro -survival astrocytes - Ameliorated motor dysfunction	Somayajulu-Nitu 2009 [60]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	6 mg/kg/day	Oral		Muthukumaran 2014 [61]
		In-Vivo (Rats)	6 mg/kg/day	Oral		Muthukumaran 2014 [62]
		In-Vivo (Mice)	3 mg/kg/day	Oral		Sikorska 2014 [63]