AA	Arachidonic acid
Aβ	Amyloid beta
ABCA7	ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 7
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
Ahr	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AMPK	AMP-activated kinase
APP	Amyloid precursor protein
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
BIN1	Bridging integrator 1
BMAA	α-Amino-β-methylaminopropionic acid
CCR2	C-C chemokine receptor type 2
CD	Cluster of differentiation
CD2AP	CD2 associated protein
CLU	Clusterin
CNS	Central nervous system
CR	Calorie restriction
CR1	Complement component (3b/4b) receptor 1
CRP	C-reactive protein
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
DAMPs	Damage associated molecular patterns
EE	Endurance exercise
EOAD	Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease
GFAP	Glial fibrillary acidic protein
GA	Glatiramer acetate
GWAS	Genome-wide association studies
HMGB1	High mobility group box 1
ICR	Inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor
IFNγ	Interferon gamma
IMiDs	Immunomodulatory imide drugs
LOAD	Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MMP-9	Matrix metallopeptidase 9
Mo	Monocytes
MTOR	Mechanistic target of rapamycin
mtROS	Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
MΦ	Macrophages
NFκB	Nuclear factor κB
NLRP3	Nod-like receptor 3
NOX	NADPH oxidase
OPC	Oligodendrocyte precursor cells
PD-1	Programmed cell death protein-1
PD-L1	Programmed cell death ligand-1
PICALM	Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein
PLD3	Phospholipase D3
PSEN1	Presenilin 1
PSEN2	Presenilin 2
ROI	Reactive oxygen intermediates
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RONS	Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
S6RP	S6 ribosomal protein
sAPP	Secreted amyloid precursor protein
SASP	Senescence-associated secretory phenotype
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acids
SORL1	Sortilin-related receptor-1
STAT3	Signal transducer and activators of transcription 3
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNFR-I	Tumor necrosis factor receptor I
TNFR-II	Tumor necrosis factor receptor II
TRAIL	Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand
Treg	Regulatory T cells
TREM2	Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2
VCAM-I	Vascular cell adhesion molecule I
WES	Whole exome sequencing
WGS	Whole genome sequencing
XO	Xanthine oxidase